Tujuan penelitian ini adalah melakukan pengembangan Modul Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Perencanaan Perkerasan Jalan yang layak digunakan menjadi panduan belajar di perusahaan jasa konstruksi selaku peserta diklat. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian dan pengembangan (Research and Development) dengan tahapan Define (Pendefinisian), Design (Perancangan), Develop (Pengembangan) dan Disseminate (Penyebaran). Teknik pengumpulan datanya menggunakan observasi, dokumentasi, dan angket. Uji validitas kelayakan modul dilakukan pada instrumen yang dituangkan dalam angket dengan teknik analisis data secara deskriptif. Dari hasil validasi. ahli materi menyatakan modul Perencanaan Perkerasan Jalan sudah memenuhi kriteria sangat layak karena sudah mencakup kompetensi yang dibutuhkan peserta diklat dengan jabatan pelaksana atau pengawas pekerjaan jalan, sementara validasi ahli media menyatakan modul sudah memenuhi kaidah media yang menarik, mudah diakses, dipahami sehingga sangat layak digunakan oleh peserta diklat Perencanaan Perkerasan Jalan.

An earthquake is a sudden movement of the ground that comes from a wave in a place and spreads in all directions. In 2019 the Government of Indonesia has ratified a new standard on procedures for earthquake resistance planning for building and non-building structures, namely SNI 1726: 2019 as a revision of SNI 1726: 2012. The adoption of SNI 1726-2019 as a new standard has changed the scope of the procedure for calculating earthquakes to become wider so that it can follow the current developments. Earthquake loads on buildings were analyzed using dynamic response spectrum analysis. This study aims to compare the results of the calculation using the response spectrum using SNI 1726-2012 and SNI 1726-2019 in order to determine the safety of building that still use the old rules. The building structure is modeled on a lecture building with a height of 14,10 m in the Province of D.I Yogyakarta. The results of the research prove that the structure of the lecture building which still uses the old method must be rehabilitated so that it is able to withstand earthquake loads based on the new SNI 1726-2019 method. This occurs due to the discovery of new faults in Indonesia.

One of the important things in structural planning is structural analysis. Indonesia has earthquake resistance guidelines for building structures starting from SNI 1726-1989 to the latest version, namely SNI 1726-2019. Yogyakarta Special Region is an active and complex seismic area due to tectonic plate collision activity accompanied by local fault activity on the mainland, so it has a high level of seismic activity, therefore structural planning must pay attention to seismic aspects. Not all buildings in the special area of Yogyakarta use the latest earthquake-resistant building structure guidelines, so a review of the structure must be reviewed. In analyzing the structure, there are two models, namely, 2D and 3D structural analysis using structural analysis software to obtain the internal force value. The study of internal force comparison between 2D and 3D models of dynamic response spectrum method according to SNI 1726-2019 is carried out on the 4-floor lecture building structure used to determine the advantages and disadvantages of the two models. The results of the internal force structure analysis show that the value of the internal force with the 2D model is greater than the 3D model due to differences in the distribution of the working load.

The application of SNI 1726-2019 as a new standard has added and changed the scope of the procedure for calculating earthquakes to become wider so that it can keep up with the times. Earthquake loads can be analyzed statically or dynamically. Dynamic analysis using the response spectrum method. This study aims to compare the results of the calculation using the response spectrum based on SNI 1726-2012 and SNI 1726-2019 so that it can be seen whether buildings using the old rules are still safe or not. The building structure is modeled as an ordinary building and functions as a lecture building in the Province of D.I Yogyakarta with a total of 4 floors and a building height of 24.054 m. The results of the research prove that the forces acting on the building with modeling use the response spectrum of SNI 1726-2012 and SNI 1726-2019, the building structure scheme using the old standard is given a small safe limit, if a review is carried out using the new standard the structure of the building is required to be rehabilitated in preventing building construction failures. However, if a large safety limit is given in the planning using the old standard, if a review is carried out based on the new standard, it is possible that the building structure does not need to be rehabilitated if it meets the safety limit of the new standard.

Human need for land has influenced land use behavior and is an acute problem in many regions. Many areas have changed their original function in order to sustain human life, one of which causes forests to be converted into settlements, plantation and agricultural areas as well as mining areas. However, often the converted land is customary land in the form of forests and not a few that have long been disputed. In the era of independence, the government recognized that customary land belonged to the state. In its implementation, customary land is recognized by the government but its ownership rights are not. The indigenous people are only allowed to manage it. This study aims to categorize solutions that can be used in resolving land-use conflicts over customary lands. This study used the traditional review method with secondary data obtained from appropriate and relevant sources. Customary land is recognized in Indonesian law through UUPA No. 5 of 1960. The highest right to land owned or controlled by community members and its implementation is regulated by customary / village elders called ulayat rights, but provided that its existence and implementation still exist. In cases that occur in various countries, there are various kinds of implementation irregularities caused by excessive usage patterns or not according to the main purpose of their use. In Indonesia, irregularities in the implementation of the Law on indigenous peoples to manage their land are often found. Even some government policies are still detrimental to society. Therefore, in resolving customary land conflicts, one must look at various angles and see the history of disputed land, and can refer to several cases that have occurred in other countries. The categorization of land-use conflict solutions can be viewed from the point of view of the resolution process, the distribution of use of customary land use for indigenous peoples in conflict, what changes in land use have occurred according to procedures or not, mapping is needed to avoid vertical conflicts. and horizontally, and the involvement of the disputing parties, as well as based on ownership rights over customary land.