No abstract

General strain theory has accumulated a considerable amount of empirical support. Many of these assessments have tested the direct relationship that strain has on crime and delinquency. The research presented here examines the relationship between schools and delinquency within a general strain theory perspective. More specifically, this research examines how schools can not only act as a source of an individual's strain and subsequent delinquency but also be a source for mediating or coping with strain and minimizing delinquency. To test the relationship between schools and delinquency, data from the National Educational Longitudinal Survey (NELS:88) are analyzed in a model of general strain that specifies sources of school-based strain and sources of school-based mechanisms for controlling strain.

BackgroundST-246® is an antiviral, orally bioavailable small molecule in clinical development for treatment of orthopoxvirus infections. An intravenous (IV) formulation may be required for some hospitalized patients who are unable to take oral medication. An IV formulation has been evaluated in three species previously used in evaluation of both efficacy and toxicology of the oral formulation.Methodology/Principal FindingsThe pharmacokinetics of ST-246 after IV infusions in mice, rabbits and nonhuman primates (NHP) were compared to those obtained after oral administration. Ten minute IV infusions of ST-246 at doses of 3, 10, 30, and 75 mg/kg in mice produced peak plasma concentrations ranging from 16.9 to 238 µg/mL. Elimination appeared predominately first-order and exposure dose-proportional up to 30 mg/kg. Short IV infusions (5 to 15 minutes) in rabbits resulted in rapid distribution followed by slower elimination. Intravenous infusions in NHP were conducted at doses of 1 to 30 mg/kg. The length of single infusions in NHP ranged from 4 to 6 hours. The pharmacokinetics and tolerability for the two highest doses were evaluated when administered as two equivalent 4 hour infusions initiated 12 hours apart. Terminal elimination half-lives in all species for oral and IV infusions were similar. Dose-limiting central nervous system effects were identified in all three species and appeared related to high Cmax plasma concentrations. These effects were eliminated using slower IV infusions.Conclusions/SignificancePharmacokinetic profiles after IV infusion compared to those observed after oral administration demonstrated the necessity of longer IV infusions to (1) mimic the plasma exposure observed after oral administration and (2) avoid Cmax associated toxicity. Shorter infusions at higher doses in NHP resulted in decreased clearance, suggesting saturated distribution or elimination. Elimination half-lives in all species were similar between oral and IV administration. The administration of ST-246 was well tolerated as a slow IV infusion.

Using a South Korean sample from 2010 National Crime Victim Survey, the current research examined the gender differences of fear of four different types of crime testing the shadow of sexual assault thesis, which asserts that sexual assault operates as a master offense for females. The current study provides insight into the robustness of the shadow hypothesis by controlling for various covariates (e.g., perceptions of the neighborhood and crime-related media consumption) that have been often omitted in this line of literature. Results show that the largest difference in fear between males and females was the fear of sexual assault, and based on coefficient comparison tests, fear of sexual assault was a stronger predictor of fear of other crimes among males than among females. The current study calls for future research to disentangle the shadow of sexual hypothesis in different settings and to conduct more studies specifically on men’s fear of crime.

Bone graft substitutes include autografts, allografts, xenografts, and synthetics. Although autograft is still the gold standard, limited supply and donor morbidity must be considered. Allograft can vary in its bone-inductive qualities and may be processed into various shapes and constructs. Although allografts provide an osteoconductive matrix with some osteoinductivity, only limited anatomic constructs can be provided. Xenografts are abundant in supply, yet their shape and construct dimensions are restricted and xenograft properties are less than ideal due to the processing required to render the material nonimmunogenic. To achieve optimal bone graft properties, researchers are developing new materials with the goal of designing synthetics as close to autograft as possible. The advantages and disadvantages of all of these bone graft materials will be reviewed with emphasis on their relevance and applicability for sports medicine procedures.