Background The optimal treatment of osteoporotic vertebral fractures is still a controversial and under discussion topic. Armed kyphoplasty with expansive intravertebral implants is an emerging procedure, which, in theory, it not only makes it possible to achieve instant analgesia, and to get stabilization gains of benefits of kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty, but also, allows for a more effective maintenance of the restored vertebral height. Methods A retrospective observational study is presented, in which 30 patients participated, including a total of 33 osteoporotic thoracolumbar compression burst vertebral fractures with involvement of one or both vertebral platforms and of more than one fifth of the posterior wall. These individuals underwent armed kyphoplasty with VBS ® stents (or stentoplasty) filled with bone cement over 10 years (between 2012 and 2022) at the same center. Clinical (visual analogue scale, Oswestry Disability Index and Patient Global Impression of Change) and imaging results (restoration and maintenance of vertebral body heights) achieved were investigated. The mean follow-up time was 4.5 years (range, 1–10 years). Results There was a statistically significant improvement in all clinical and functional parameters evaluated, as well as a statistically significant difference in the various vertebral body heights between preoperative and end of follow-up time [increase of 10.7-15.2-5.0 mm (anterior-median-posterior) in the sagittal plane and 6.7-11.6-9.7 mm (right-median-left) in the coronal plane]. There was a statistically significant direct correlation between vertebral heights in the coronal plane, and between the Beck index assessed at the end of the follow-up period and the improvement in functional disability. Conclusions The percutaneous transpedicular posterior approach, the ability to anatomically restore the fractured vertebra and to maintain it in the medium-long term, as well as the reduced risk of adverse effects, make stent-armed kyphoplasty a very attractive treatment option for osteoporotic compressive thoracolumbar fractures. A clinical-morphological correlation was demonstrated regarding the surgical treatment of these fractures, it was found that a more effective morphological restoration of vertebral heights in both the sagittal and coronal planes is associated with superior satisfactory clinical functional parameters.