The proposed logical framework has been applied to a nursing taxonomy-based diagnostic system in order to evaluate its strengths and weaknesses consistently with the epistemology of a diagnostic judgment.

Surgical site infections are the most common nosocomial infections in surgical patients. The preventable and the unmodifiable risk factors for deep sternal wound infections (DSWI) have been amply assessed in the literature. The aim of this review was to describe the results of the numerous published studies to describe all the DSWI risk factors and the scales devised to predict SWI, with a view to providing an update on this issue. A comprehensive search of the Medline and Embase databases was performed (considering studies from January 1995 to April 2011); and a manual search was also conducted using references cited in original publications and relevant review articles. There are several risk factors associated with DSWI, which could be classified in four categories as demographic (e.g. sex and age), behavioural (e.g. smoking and obesity), baseline clinical conditions (e.g. diabetes, hypertension and COPD) and surgical operative risk factors (e.g. duration of operation and emergency operation). Six scales for predicting the risk of DSWI are described in the literature: they vary not only in accuracy but also in ease of application and they are applied at different times (some only preoperatively and others also postoperatively). This study provides a broad update on our knowledge of the risk factors for DSWI and the scales for prediction with a view to improving the management of infections at cardiosurgery units.

We consider a "polarized" version of bi-intuitionistic logic [5, 2, 6, 4] as a logic of assertions and hypotheses and show that it supports a "rich proof theory" and an interesting categorical interpretation, unlike the standard approach of C. Rauszer's Heyting-Brouwer logic [28, 29], whose categorical models are all partial orders by Crolard's theorem [8]. We show that P. A. Melliès notion of chirality [21, 22] appears as the right mathematical representation of the mirror symmetry between the intuitionistic and co-intuitionistc sides of polarized bi-intuitionism. Philosophically, we extend Dalla Pozza and Garola's pragmatic interpretation of intuitionism as a logic of assertions [10] to bi-intuitionism as a logic of assertions and hypotheses. We focus on the logical role of illocutionary forces and justification conditions in order to provide "intended interpretations" of logical systems that classify inferential uses in natural language and remain acceptable from an intuitionistic point of view. Although Dalla Pozza and Garola originally provide a constructive interpretation of intuitionism in a classical setting, we claim that some conceptual refinements suffice to make their "pragmatic interpretation" a bona fide representation of intuitionism. We sketch a meaning-asuse interpretation of co-intuitionism that seems to fulfil the requirements of Dummett and Prawitz's justificationist approach. We extend the Brouwer-Heyting-Kolmogorov interpretation to bi-intuitionism by regarding co-intuitionistic formulas as types of the evidence for them: if conclusive evidence is needed to justify assertions, only a scintilla of evidence suffices to justify hypotheses.

Abstract"lthough anxiety is not necessarily a pathological phenomenon, it can become dysregulated, causing sufering. Indeed, emotion dysregulation lies at the core of many psychopathologies. Thus, anxiety regulation is central to all efective psychological treatment. The predominant perspective on emotion regulation and dysregulation is appraisal theory, which proposes that the cognitive appraisal of an event generates an emotional response. "ccording to Gross s process model, any emotion can become dysregulated when the patient lacks or fails to use an appropriate regulatory strategy. Therefore, the clinician must teach the patient beter regulatory strategies. The perspective we put forward departs from Gross s model based on appraisal theory. The experiential-dynamic emotion-regulation model, EDER, grounded in afective neuroscience and modern psychodynamic psychotherapy proposes that emotions precede cognition temporal and neuroanatomical primacy , emotions are not inherently dysregulated they have speciic properties of time and strength proportional to the quality of the stimulus , and dysregulation derives from the combination of emotions plus conditioned anxiety, or from secondary-defensive afects, both leading to dysregulated-afective states D"Ss . To regulate D"S, the clinician must regulate the dysregulating anxiety or restructure the defenses, which create defensive afects, and then help the client to fully express the underlying emotions that elicit anxiety and defenses. In this chapter, we speciically focus on dysregulated anxiety, its neural bases, and how to regulate it according to the EDER model. First, we present hypotheses and data to show the neural bases of anxiety. Then, speciic strategies and techniques to regulate anxiety are explained and clinical excerpts illustrate their application.

Health-promotion interventions aimed at improving healthy lifestyles in Indian children should focus on population strata with low socio-economic status.