El Convenio Europeo del Paisaje (CEP), primer tratado internacional de desarrollo sostenible, en el que se define el paisaje como: “Una parte del territorio tal y como es percibida por la población, cuyo carácter resulta de la acción de factores naturales y/o humanos y de sus interrelaciones", surge ante la preocupación por la degradación sin precedentes del paisaje en Europa en la segunda mitad del siglo XX. El CEP reconoce en la educación como instrumento para la conservación del paisaje. El objetivo de esta investigación es comprobar el grado de interés y la viabilidad de incluir el paisaje en el sistema educativo. Para ello se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad a personas expertas en paisaje, cuestionarios a estudiantes y grupos de discusión a docentes. El estudio tuvo lugar en la Comunidad de Madrid (España). Entre los resultados cabe señalar la ausencia del componente identitario en la conceptualización del paisaje la falta de interés de los estudiantes por incluirlo en sus planes de estudio por considerar que no les facilitará su incorporación al mercado laboral y la inviabilidad para incluirlo en el sistema educativo por la resistencia que generaría entre el personal docente y la falta de recursos. Con base en estos resultados se recomienda dejar de introducir el paisaje como asignatura, sino hacerlo como parte del ambiente de aprendizaje y dentro del marco de las escuelas inclusivas, ya que es en este ámbito donde existe una mayor aproximación entre el objetivo del CEP y la práctica educativa.<em> </em>
Background The objective of this study was to identify which air pollutants, atmospheric variables and health determinants could influence COVID-19 mortality in Spain. This study used information from 41 of the 52 provinces in Spain (from Feb. 1, to May 31, 2021). Generalized Linear Models (GLM) with Poisson link were carried out for the provinces, using the Rate of Mortality due to COVID-19 (CM) per 1,000,000 inhabitants as dependent variables, and average daily concentrations of PM10 and NO2 as independent variables. Meteorological variables included maximum daily temperature (Tmax) and average daily absolute humidity (HA). The GLM model controlled for trend, seasonalities and the autoregressive character of the series. Days with lags were established. The relative risk (RR) was calculated by increases of 10 g/m3 in PM10 and NO2 and by 1 ℃ in the case of Tmax and 1 g/m3 in the case of HA. Later, a linear regression was carried out that included the social determinants of health. Results Statistically significant associations were found between PM10, NO2 and the CM. These associations had a positive value. In the case of temperature and humidity, the associations had a negative value. PM10 being the variable that showed greater association, with the CM followed of NO2 in the majority of provinces. Anyone of the health determinants considered, could explain the differential geographic behavior. Conclusions The role of PM10 is worth highlighting, as the chemical air pollutant for which there was a greater number of provinces in which it was associated with CM. The role of the meteorological variables—temperature and HA—was much less compared to that of the air pollutants. None of the social determinants we proposed could explain the heterogeneous geographical distribution identified in this study.
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