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Aim To identify geographical drivers determining the relative partitioning of species replacement and richness difference or nestedness‐resultant components of beta diversity in spider groups with differing dispersal modalities. Location Thousand Island Lake, China. Methods We sampled spider assemblages on 31 land‐bridge islands for two years. Each species was classified into a dispersal group based on ballooning propensity (frequent, occasional or non‐ballooners). Two frameworks were used to separate beta diversity (βcc or βjac) of each group into either species replacement (β‐3) and richness difference (βrich) components, or turnover (βjtu) and nestedness‐resultant (βjne) components. Mantel and partial Mantel tests were performed to determine correlations between pairwise dissimilarities and difference in island area, difference in distance to mainland and inter‐island distance for each group. Results The multiple‐island dissimilarity of spiders was primarily driven by turnover. Beta diversity (βcc or βjac) was positively associated with difference in island area in frequent ballooners, and negatively associated with difference in island area in occasional ballooners. Difference in island area had positive effects on βjne for all groups, but negative effects on β‐3 and βjtu for occasional or non‐ballooners. βrich was positively associated with difference in island area in frequent and non‐ballooners. We did not find any significant isolation effects for these three measures of dissimilarity. Main conclusions The dominant process of extinction resulted in a high contribution of turnover to the multiple‐island dissimilarity of spiders. Specifically, frequent ballooners contributed less turnover to multiple‐island dissimilarity than occasional and non‐ballooners. The most likely explanation for this is that frequent ballooners were potentially able to colonize all islands, whereas occasional and non‐ballooners were constrained by water barriers and were unable to occupy most islands. Contrasting dissimilarities among dispersal groups of spiders demonstrates the importance of beta diversity partitioning, and the mechanistic insight gained on trait‐dependence in community assembly.

The Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) is a promising tetrapod model for regeneration and developmental studies. Remarkably, neotenic axolotls may undergo metamorphosis, during which their regeneration capacity and lifespan gradually decline. However, a system-level single-cell analysis of molecular characteristics in neotenic and metamorphosed axolotls is still lacking. Here, we developed a single-cell RNA-seq method based on combinatorial hybridization to generate a tissue-based transcriptomic atlas of the adult axolotl. We performed gene expression profiling of over 1 million single cells across 19 tissues to construct the first adult axolotl cell atlas. Comparison of single-cell transcriptomes between the tissues of neotenic and metamorphosed axolotls revealed the heterogeneity of structural cells in different tissues and established their regulatory network. Furthermore, we described dynamic gene expression patterns during limb development in neotenic axolotls. These data serve as a resource to explore the molecular identity of the axolotl as well as its metamorphosis.