Organic rice farming (ORF) is getting more attention from many parties because conventional rice farming (CRF) has environmental issues and because people’s awareness of healthy food is increasing. The social, economical, and environmental challenges make ORF a potential path forward. This study aims to understand farmers’ responses to ORF. Data were collected through interviews with 37 respondents from Central Java and 67 respondents from South Sulawesi. The respondents, chosen randomly, represented 40.38% CRF farmers and 59.62% ORF farmers. A mean was used to present the difference between CRF and ORF farmers’ responses in each variable. Multiple linear regression was used to describe the factors affecting these responses. Results showed that ORF farmers’ mean on all response variables was higher than CRF farmers’, except market opportunity (MKOP), which showed only a slight difference in means at 4.357 (CRF) and 4.371 (ORF). MKOP is the one area of trust for both CRF and ORF farmers. Both responses from CRF and ORF farmers have value for use by stakeholders to develop Indonesian ORF.

Salassae Village, Bulukumba district is an organic village by the application of agriculture organic farming since 2011. The application of organic and conventional farming system is closely related to each farmers’ perceptions. This research aims to determine the perception on farmers on the application of natural farming system, analyze the factors that related to farmers ‘perception on natural farming system, and analyze the farmers’ effort in Salassae Village. This research was carried out by interview and questionnaire method to 67 farmers, divided by 25 organic farmers and 42 conventional farmers. This research uses descriptive analysis techniques, and spearman rank correlation test. The results of the analysis show that the farmers' perception on natural farming system has different perception. Perception of natural farmers is categorized good, while perception of conventional farmers is categorized good enough. Overall, farmers' perception of the application of the natural farming system shows a good category with a score of 75%. The factor of farmers’ perception on the application of natural farming system is social interaction. Farmers need a convincing understanding that organic rice farming is not difficult. Thus, social interaction needs to be improved in shaping the perception of rice farmers towards organic rice farming.

Local culture is expected to be related to women entrepreneurs, including access to finance and training activities. Bugis is one of the Indonesian ethnicities that have cultural values related to women's entrepreneurship. This paper aims to: (1) explain the characteristics of women entrepreneurs and Bugis cultural values: reso (hard work), macca (smart and skilled), passibijaang (kinship), and barani (courage to take risks) in women entrepreneurs; and (2) measure the correlations between Bugis cultural values (reso, macca, passibijaang, and barani) and access to finance and training. Primary data were obtained from online surveys and surveys by face-to-face interviews. The sampling technique used simple random sampling with a sample size of 205 respondents. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlation with Person's rank. The results show that (1) The reso and macca cultures of entrepreneurial women tend to be high, while the passibijaang and barani cultures of women entrepreneurs tend to be medium; (2) Macca and barani cultures are positively correlated with access to finance. Macca culture is weakly correlated with financial access, while Barani culture is pretty strongly correlated with access to finance. Passibijaang culture is weakly positively correlated with access to training. The paper recommends establishing a community that helps rural women entrepreneurs enhance entrepreneurship knowledge and skills.