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Groupers (Perciformes: Serranidae: Epinephelinae) are a significant group of marine and estuarine fishes having ecological and commercial importance in tropical and subtropical waters. The genus Epinephelus is identified based on the color configuration and morphological characteristics. The homogeneity in the morphological characteristics has created confusion in the species identification of Epinephelus. Epinephelus areolatus with its delicious taste has high economic value; however, its population showed a remarkable decline in recent times due to overfishing. Due to morphological resemblance, it has often been confused with Epinephelus chlorostigma and Epinephelus bleekeri, which leads to misidentification. Hence, correct identification of species is needed for the proper management of fish resources. This study aims to identify and validate E. areolatus by using morpho-meristic characteristics, including the number and pattern of pyloric caeca, vertebrae count through radiograph imaging, scale and otolith morphology, and DNA barcoding. The morphological and meristic characteristics of Epinephelus species observed in Nizampatnam coast are strikingly comparable to those reported earlier as E. areolatus. Comparative molecular analysis was also carried along with other morphologically similar species, viz. E. chlorostigma and E. bleekeri, using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene sequences. The mean interspecific genetic distance revealed high similarity with E. bleekeri (0.109 ± 0.012) and low similarity with E. chlorostigma (0.079 ± 0.009). The neighbor-joining tree has shown distinct clades for three species with high bootstrap values. The partial DNA sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I was established for the first time for E. areolatus from the Nizampatnam coast in this study.

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| Diversity of marine fishes was studied along the coast of Bay of Bengal from four selected landing stations of Andhra Pradesh, Southeast coast of India during the period from December 2016 to November 2018. A total of 171 species belonging to 14 orders, 63 families and 128 genera have been recorded during the study period. It is evident that marine fish production is well below the production targets. The less availability of some species indicates a remarkable decline in the diversity of fishes. The anthropogenic disturbances and climatic changes are reported to be the factors affecting the fish population and diversity. Therefore, we are in the stage of need of the hour to conserve marine biodiversity in coastal Andhra Pradesh. The current study also recorded the IUCN status of 171 fish species in various categories of conservation status.