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This chapter reviews the seasonality and effect of photoperiod in mares and how, as clinicians, we can shorten the vernal transition period and improve our efficiency in getting mares in foal. Different protocols have been utilized to shorten the vernal transition, and each will be discussed. We will also examine endometritis in the mare. The role of biofilms in causing endometritis in our equine patients, and potential treatment plans, in particular breeding the dirty mare, will be reviewed. Finally, we will examine the effect of twin pregnancies in the mare, the most common cause of noninfectious abortion, and offer two management therapies for dealing with twinning in the mare.

Throughout the breeding season the equine reproductive veterinarian may be faced with abnormalities of the ovary that will reduce the reproductive fitness of the mare. Having a thorough understanding of these pathologies will allow the clinician to provide prognosis and treatment plans to the owner. Important equine ovarian pathologies are reviewed, including ultrasound findings, diagnosis, treatment and effect on reproductive performance, as well as differential diagnosis. These pathologies include haemorrhagic anovulatory follicles (HAFs) and tumours of the ovary. The article will also review new diagnostic markers for certain tumours, such as anti-mullerian hormone in the diagnosis of granulosa cell tumours.