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Several studies using microarrays have shown that changes in gene expression provide information about the mechanism of toxicity induced by xenobiotic agents. Nevertheless, the issue of whether gene expression profiles are reproducible across different laboratories remains to be determined. To address this question, several members of the Hepatotoxicity Working Group of the International Life Sciences Institute Health and Environmental Sciences Institute evaluated the liver gene expression profiles of rats treated with methapyrilene (MP). Animals were treated at one facility, and RNA was distributed to five different sites for gene expression analysis. A preliminary evaluation of the number of modulated genes uncovered striking differences between the five different sites. However, additional data analysis demonstrated that these differences had an effect on the absolute gene expression results but not on the outcome of the study. For all users, unsupervised algorithms showed that gene expression allows the distinction of the high dose of MP from controls and low dose. In addition, the use of a supervised analysis method (support vector machines) made it possible to correctly classify samples. In conclusion, the results show that, despite some variability, robust gene expression changes were consistent between sites. In addition, key expression changes related to the mechanism of MP-induced hepatotoxicity were identified. These results provide critical information regarding the consistency of microarray results across different laboratories and shed light on the strengths and limitations of expression profiling in drug safety analysis. minimal expression of single-cell necrosis with minimal mononuclear infiltrate without associated changes in clinical chemistry parameters (Waring et al. 2001). Thus, in the present study we chose 100 mg/kg/day as the high dose expected to elicit hepatotoxicity. A dose of 10 mg/kg/day was selected as the low dose with the expectation that no hepatotoxic effect would be observed.Male Sprague-Dawley rats were obtained from Charles River Laboratories, Inc. (Wilmington, MA). Rats were 57 days old and weighed 233.4-274.0 g at the start of the treatment. Upon arrival to Abbott Laboratories (Abbott Park, IL), all rats were acclimated for 6 days before treatment began. The two treatment groups comprising four rats each received the test compound at a concentration of 10 or 100 mg/kg, respectively. Animals in the equally sized control group received vehicle only.Rats were dosed once daily by gavage for 7 days. The dose volume was 10 mL/kg. Doses were milligram salt per kilogram per day and were calculated for each rat on the basis of the most recent body weight data available. Rats were fasted overnight after their last treatment, euthanized under halothane anesthesia and submitted for necropsy. Each rat received its last treatment approximately 24 hr before scheduled necropsy.In vivo observations, pathology, and sampling. All rats were observed twice each day during the pretreatment and t...

Lymphoepithelium and cells specialized for uptake and transport of foreign matter are characteristic of antigen sampling organs, including lymphoglandular complexes (LGCs). Distribution, histologic structure, and epithelial ultrastructure of colonic lymphoglandular complexes were determined in 5- to 13-week-old pigs. LGCs averaged 1,231 in number per colon, displayed a characteristic distribution pattern, and were most evenly distributed in colons of older pigs. LGCs consisted of well-defined submucosal masses composed of lymphatic nodules and internodular lymphoid tissue penetrated by radially branching extensions of mucosal glands. Epithelial diverticula of each LGC entered the submucosa as a group through a circular collar derived from the muscularis mucosae. LGC epithelium contained goblet cells, cuboidal and columnar enterocytes, enteroendocrine cells, individual and clustered intraepithelial leukocytes, and cells morphologically compatible with follicle-associated epithelial cells/M cells. We regard the colonic LGC as a distinct mucosal lymphoid organ and suggest a significant role for it in local and systemic immune responses. The porcine colonic LGC may serve as a model for the human LGC.

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