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Operators are currently considering the deployment of small cells to complement their macrocellular networks and in crease their coverage and capacity. However, in order to roll-out a large number of small cells and allow anytime, anywhere wireless broadband connectivity through wireless technologies, operators must still face the challenge of backhauling the traffic from the small cells to the core network in a cost-effective manner. In this paper, backhaul challenges for small cell base stations (BSs) are discussed, and potential wired and wireless solutions together with their benefits and drawbacks are presented. The use of large scale antennas systems and free-space optics is also discussed. Moreover, a wireless backhaul planning tool targeted at finding the most cost-effective backhaul solution using a mixture of wireless technologies is presented. Simulation results confirm that the optimum backhaul solution is a combination of various options, which can overcome inherent scenario constraints while providing a cost-effective performance.

The development of the Dynamic Spectrum Access/Cognitive Radio (DSA/CR) technology can significantly benefit from the availability of realistic models able to accurately capture and reproduce the statistical properties of spectrum usage in real wireless communication systems. Relying on field measurements of real systems, this paper analyzes the joint time-frequency statistical properties of spectrum usage and develops adequate models describing the observed characteristics. Based on such models, a sophisticated method is also proposed to generate artificial spectrum data for simulation or other purposes. The proposed method is able to accurately reproduce the statistical time-frequency characteristics of spectrum usage in real systems. © 2011 ACM

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