At a high level, the tidyverse is a language for solving data science challenges with R code. Its primary goal is to facilitate a conversation between a human and a computer about data. Less abstractly, the tidyverse is a collection of R packages that share a high-level design philosophy and low-level grammar and data structures, so that learning one package makes it easier to learn the next.

The tidytext package (Silge, Robinson, and Hester 2016) is an R package (R Core Team 2016) for text mining using tidy data principles. As described by Hadley Wickham (Wickham 2014), tidy data has a specific structure:

Corrado and Su (1996) provide skewness and kurtosis adjustment terms for the Black-Scholes model, using a Gram-Charlier expansion of the normal density function. In this note we provide a correction to the expression for the skewness coefficient and illustrate the effect on call option prices of the error found.JEL Classifications: G12, G13, G15

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