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Based on the intercalation reaction, molybdenum trioxide has become an attractive cathode material for rechargeable ion batteries owing to its high theoretical capacity and layered structure. This review summarizes the recent research progress of molybdenum trioxide-based cathode in non-aqueous lithium, magnesium, calcium-ion batteries, aqueous zinc, hydrogen, and aluminum-ion batteries, focusing on the energy storage mechanism, existing problems, and optimization strategies in rechargeable ion batteries. Finally, the perspectives about challenges and future further development directions of molybdenum trioxide cathode in electrochemical energy storage are proposed. This review will comprehensively summarize molybdenum trioxide as a cathode in rechargeable ion batteries and clarify its practical application prospects for sustainable development.