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The aim of the study was to assess the pre-weaning kid mortality patterns and financial losses under family-based farming system. To achieve the objective, an ex-post facto study was designed with 300 randomly selected respondents from three agro-climatic situation of West Bengal. The studycovered 3,205 kidding with 6,642 kids born. The total preweaning kid mortality was 12.32% whereas the relative percentage of mortality was highest (36.19%) in hill agroclimatic followed by terai region (34.11%) and lower Gangetic plain (29.71%). The pattern of pre-weaning kid mortality showed that mortality was higher in doeling than bucking and highest within a month whereas maximum mortality was within 1st week. Kid mortality was significantly higher during winter months. Mortality was highest in kid having less than 1 kg birth weight, in case of quadruplet birth or more and kid born in 6th parity order. Major reasons of kid mortality were unknown followed by diarrhea, doe died, pneumonia and predator attack. The study shows an economic loss of about `531 per kid and `1447 per goat farmers and overall financial losses due to pre-weaning kid mortality were more than `4.34 lakhs during the study period. The pre-weaning kid mortality and economic losses to these farmers can be further reduced through better management practices, prenatal and postpartum healthcare practices of the doe and pre-weaned kid.

The study was undertaken to assess the perceived constraints in marketing of mango duringnormality and due to lockdown in West Bengal. In all, 90 respondents were randomlyconsidered for the study with equal proportionate of small, medium and large farmers.The perceived constraints faced and suggestions in improving the marketing of mangoeswere analyzed through Garrett ranking techniques. The study shows that the majorperceived constraints in marketing of mangoes during normality were high fluctuation inmarket price during season followed by inadequate marketing channel and exploitation bymiddlemen. But during the lockdown, the major perceived constraints were no market tosell their mangoes followed by exploitation by middlemen and small opening hours ofmarket. The suggestive measures recommended by the mango growers to improve marketingopportunities were stable market rate according to grade of mangoes followed by propermarketing channel and elimination of middlemen. The mangoes growers had not felt needfor cooperative marketing network or formation of Farmer Producer Company for itsmarketing.

The study was undertaken with an objective to assess perceived constraints of mushroom grower in mushroom production enterprise. The study was purposively undertaken in flood prone Malda district of West Bengal due to gaining popularity of mushroom production enterprise among rural women and unemployed rural youth who were adopting this venture for employment generation. The rural youth were very much interested in mushroom production enterprise but now they have perceived various constraints in adoption of this enterprise for self-employment. The various perceived constraints were assessed in terms of technical, economical, infrastructural, general and marketing constraints. Unavailability of quality spawn was highest ranked technical constraints. High cost of spawn and poor supply of spawn at appropriate time were highest ranked economical and infrastructural constraints respectively. Poor knowledge about nutritive value of mushroom and lack of local market were highest ranked general and marketing constraints respectively. It is therefore recommended that constraints should be minimized to boost up the enterprises. To do that, policy makers should come up with some suitable policies to minimize these constraints. Further, the extension agencies should take up skill oriented training programmes and awareness programmes for the mushroom growers and rural youth in large scale for their self-employment.