Questionnaires are a frequently employed method of data collection and construct measurement in cross-cultural/cross-national marketing research. While offering many advantages, the use of questionnaires in such research often encounters factors which have a negative impact on measurement reliability and validity. One of these common problem factors is a social desirability bias. The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in underlying influencing factors which contribute to the social desirability bias reported by respondents across different cultural/national samples. The results show that the influencing factors which contribute to the existence of a social desirability bias also vary across countries and cultures. Based on these findings, implications for international research and business decision-making are discussed.

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A comprehensive evaluation of shared decision making was a valuable tool to establish a baseline of data and seek opportunities for improvement. A well-integrated model of SG requires continuous improvement and analysis to be sustained. Measuring and evaluating staff nurses desire to control varied aspects of DI can allow organizations to make focused efforts to strengthen SG.

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