“Vascular malformations” comprise a group of lesions, formed by an anomalous proliferation of angiovascular or lymphovascular structures. Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are high-flow malformation, characterized by direct communication between arteries and veins, lacking normal capillary network. AVMs are usually congenital. Acquired AVMs are reported to occur due to trauma or hormonal changes. Acquired AVMs, though rare in oral cavity, when present are persistent and progressive in nature and can represent a lethal benign disease. They are often associated with extensive blood loss, and an incomplete resection frequently leads to regrowth of the lesion often larger than its original size. We present a rare case of an acquired AVM diagnosed on contrast-enhancing computed tomography angiography and histopathology in a 65-year-old professional trumpet blower.

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Aims and objectives of the study were to find incidence and causes for postoperative mastoid cavity problems after modified radical mastoidectomy.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> The present prospective study was conducted in the Department of ENT, SMGS Hospital, GMC Jammu from September 2017 to February 2020 on 25 patients with active squamosal chronic otitis media. All patients underwent modified radical mastoidectomy after taking written and informed consent. A period of 3 months postoperatively was taken as a healing time for complete epitheliasation of cavity. Any patient presenting with symptoms beyond this period was considered a cavity problem case.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Out of 25 patients, 9 patients had cavity problems, the incidence of cavity problem being 36%. Perforation in tympanic membrane was seen in 7 patients (77%) and high facial ridge in 2 patients (22%). There was no case of narrow meatoplasty in our study.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Incidence of mastoid cavity problems can be reduced if the open cavity procedures are executed adequately.</p>

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Oral cancer consists of a group of neoplasms affecting any region of the oral cavity. This term is commonly used interchangeably with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), representing the most frequent of all oral neoplasms. Factors affecting the development of the oral squamous cell carcinoma are tobacco use, alcohol consumption, low socio-economic status, poor hygiene, poor diet, viral infection like HPV, ill-fitting dentures, jagged teeth.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> An institution based retrospective observational study was conducted in the department of ENT, GMC Jammu, including the records of the patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma admitted from June 2016 to July 2019. 80 patients of oral carcinoma were included in the study.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Male to female ratio was 5.1:1. Mean age of presentation was 49.2±4.1 with most of the cases presenting in the 6^th decade. 27 (33.75%) patients had history of chewing tobacco alone, 17 (21%) had smoking with chewing tobacco and 10 (12.5 %) smoking with alcohol. 52% patients presented with growth of tongue (52%) followed by buccal mucosa (17.5%) and other sites. Histopathological grading of OSCC showed predominance of well differentiated cancer in 44 cases (55%).</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Cases of OSCC are increasing day by day in young generation due to increasing exposure to the risk habits which are easily accessible to them.</p>

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> In India the overall incidence of cancer is low. However the cancers of head and neck have high incidence like that of larynx and pharynx.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> This is a retrospective study conducted in the department of ENT, SMGS Hospital, GMC Jammu, for a period of 3 years from June 2016 to March 2019. 112 patients with cancer of larynx and hypopharynx were included in the study.  </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> The male to female ratio in the present study was 9:1. Mean age of presentation of the patients was 57.9±4.6 years. Hoarseness was the overall the most common complaint of the patients presenting with malignancy of larynx and hypopharynx (80.35%), followed by the complaint of dysphagia (68.7%). Smoking and alcohol consumption was the most common risk factor associated. 78 (69.6%) had primary malignancy of larynx and 34 (30.4%) had primary malignancy arising from hypopharynx. Most common site of presentation for laryngeal cancer was supraglottis (56/78) while pyriform sinus was the most common site to be involved in hypopharynx (24/34). 76 out of 112 patients (67.8%) presented with neck nodes. 41% of the patients presented in stage III and 32.14% patients presented in stage IV malignancy.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Malignant laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers are presented in late stages when management options become limited and survival of the patients fall significantly. Awareness of the symptoms developing due to laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer is necessary so that people can recognize the developing cancers in earliest stages.</p>

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