The efficiency of any character recognition technique is directly dependent on the accuracy of the generated feature set that could uniquely represent a character and hence correctly recognize it. This article proposes a hybrid approach combining the structural features of the character and a mathematical model of curve fitting to simulate the best features of a character. As a preprocessing step, skeletonization of the character is performed using an iterative thinning algorithm based on Raster scan of the character image. Then, a combination of structural features of the character like number of endpoints, loops, and intersection points is calculated. Further, the thinned character image is statistically zoned into partitions, and a quadratic curve-fitting model is applied on each partition forming a feature vector of the coefficients of the optimally fitted curve. This vector is combined with the spatial distribution of the foreground pixels for each zone and hence script-independent feature representation. The approach has been evaluated experimentally on Devanagari scripts. The algorithm achieves an average recognition accuracy of 93.4%.

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WWW, one of the most pervasive technologies for information and service delivery over Internet with a potential to revise and preserve the web applications without dispensing and installing software on doubtlessly millions of client computers. As the web applications are increasingly used for crucial services, they have become a prominent and relevant target for any security outbreak. Software security is a methodology which guards against the malicious attacks and security failures along with an aim to increase system reliability. The prime objective of software security is to gain knowledge about the vulnerabilities in a system and foresee attacker’s motive and perception. This paper reviews the existing techniques of web application security, with the aim of standardizing them into a bigger picture to enable the future research areas. The scrutiny of a web application attack and the attack techniques are also enclosed in details. Lastly the parameters to provide a secure hosting surrounding to the applications are indexed. The paper summarizes the security of web application in a holistic manner and provides a range of ways to ensure that it’s as secure as it can be, as well as forever improving. Keywords: Security, OWASP, SDLC, SQL Injection, Web Application Firewall

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