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The aim of the study explores the impact and potential mechanisms on the STZ (Streptozotocin)induced diabetes model histopathologically and immunohistochemically on diabetic lung fibrosis. Materials and Methods: In this study, 14 adult female Wistar albino rats were divided into groups of seven random animals: the control and STZ induced diabetic groups. In the study, a blood glucose level above 200 mg/dl was accepted as diabetes. Nine days after the experiment, the rats were sacrificed under anesthesia and lung samples were taken from each. The histopathological appearance of the samples was evaluated and histopathologic damage score was performed. Apoptosis and inflammation in tissues were evaluated with caspase-3 and IL-1β immunohistochemically. Results: In the histopathological examination, the STZ group had a higher histopathologic damage score than the control group, and there were findings such as vascular congestion, thickened alveolar wall, and inflammatory cell infiltration. In the caspase-3 immunohistochemistry, staining of the lung tissues of the STZ group was higher than the control group. This difference was also significant in terms of IL-1β immunoreactivity intensity. Conclusion:This study determined that lung complications and damage due to diabetes-induced by STZ occurred. Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, diyabetik akciğer fibrozisi üzerine histopatolojik ve immünohistokimyasal olarak STZ (Streptozotosin) kaynaklı diyabet modeli üzerindeki etki ve potansiyel mekanizmaları araştırmaktır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışmada, 14 yetişkin dişi Wistar albino sıçan, 7 rastgele hayvandan oluşan gruplara ayrıldı: kontrol ve STZ ile indüklenen diyabet grupları. Çalışmada kan şekerinin 200 mg/dl'nin üzerinde olması diyabet olarak kabul edildi. Deneyden dokuz gün sonra sıçanlar anestezi altında sakrifiye edildi ve her birinin akciğer örnekleri alındı. Örneklerin histopatolojik görünümleri değerlendirildi ve histopatolojik hasar skoru yapıldı. Dokulardaki apoptoz ve inflamasyon, immünohistokimyasal olarak kaspaz-3 ve IL-1β ile değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Histopatolojik incelemede STZ grubunun histopatolojik hasar skoru kontrol grubuna göre daha yüksekti ve damar tıkanıklığı, alveol duvarında kalınlaşma, inflamatuar hücre infiltrasyonu gibi bulgular vardı. Kaspaz-3 immünohistokimyasında, STZ grubunda akciğer dokularının boyanması kontrol grubuna göre daha yüksekti. Bu fark, IL-1β immünreaktivite yoğunluğu açısından da anlamlıydı. Sonuç: Bu çalışmada STZ'ye bağlı olarak pulmoner komplikasyonların ve diyabete bağlı hasarın oluştuğu belirlendi.

Heteroseksizm; arzunun, cinsel pratiklerin ve cinsiyet kimliklerinin norm eksenini belirleyen tarihsel ve toplumsal bir sistem olarak karşımıza çıkar. Zorunlu heteroseksüellik koşullarında örgütlenen toplumsal dünyada yalnızca "kadın" ya da "erkek" olarak cinsiyetlendirilmiş bedenler arasındaki heteroseksüel arzu ve cinsellik "doğal" ve "normal" kabul edilirken, diğer bütün cinsel edimler, duygular ve arzu durumları "anormal", "sapkın" ya da "istisna bir hal" olarak işaretlenir. Fakat heteroseksizm ne bir soyutlamadır ne de kendisini işleten toplumsal faillerden yoksundur. Bir baskı ve dışlama sistemi olarak heteroseksizm, toplumsal alanlarda, döngüsel ritimler ve farklı mekanizmalar aracılığıyla işler ve yeniden üretilir.Bu çalışmanın amacı, 2013 yılı Ağustos ayında tamamladığım yüksek lisans tez çalışmamdan hareketle, Pierre Bourdieu"nun alan kuramına dayanarak tariflediğim Türkiye muhalefet alanı ile zorunlu heteroseksüellik arasındaki bağı tartışmaya açmaktır. Bu tartışma; muhalefet alanının hangi mekanizmalarla heteroseksüel olarak örgütlendiği, alanda deneyimlenen cinsel rejimin heteroseksizm, homofobi, transfobi, muhafazakarlık ve genel ahlak ile nasıl bir bağının olduğu ve L/G/B/T/İ kişilerin alanda nasıl ve hangi stratejilerle varlık gösterdikleri sorularını içermektedir. Bunun yanı sıra çalışma, muhalefet alanının yekpare ve sabit bir yapı olmadığını göz önünde bulundurarak, alanda bulunan farklı konumlanışlar asındaki ilişkileri ve alanın geçirdiği dönüşümleri de tartışmayı amaçlamaktadır. A Discussion on Compulsory Heterosexuality and Field of Opposition in Turkey AbstractHeterosexism emerges as a historical and social system that determines the norms of desire, sexual practices and gender. In the social world organized under compulsory heterosexuality, only the heterosexual desire and sexuality between bodies that are gendered as "female" or "male" are accepted as "natural" and "normal", whereas all other sexual practices, feelings and desire are marked as "abnormal", "deviant" or "an exception". However, heterosexism is neither an abstraction, nor deprived of social agents that operate it. As a system of oppression, domination and exclusion, heterosexism operates and is reproduced in social fields, through cyclical rhythms and different mechanisms.This study, based on my master's thesis which I completed in August 2013, aims to discuss the relationship between compulsory heterosexuality and the field of opposition in Turkey, described on the basis of Pierre Bourdieu's field theory. This discussion includes the questions; "which mechanisms organize the field of opposition as heterosexual?", "what is the relationship between heterosexism, homophobia, transphobia, conservatism and public moral, and the sexual regime experienced in the field?", and "how and in conjunction with which strategies L/G/B/T/I people exist in the field?" In addition, in view of the fact that the field of opposition is not a monolithic and constant structure, this study aims to discuss the relationship between different posit...

Vancomycin is a commonly used antibiotic with potent activity against Gram-positive organisms, but prolonged use and high doses can lead to toxicity. While vancomycin-associated nephrotoxicity is widely reported, few cases of neurotoxicity have been described. Presupplementation with melatonin, a powerful antioxidant for nervous tissues, protects the sciatic nerve against all of the changes. Melatonin, a neurosecretory product of the pineal gland, functions as an antioxidant in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, in this study the effect of melatonin in rats treated with vancomycin on the sciatic nerve was investigated. 28 wistar albino female rats were divided into four groups, each containing 7 rats. The first group was used as a control. The second group, melatonin (10 mg/kg/day) was injected intraperitoneally into rats for 7 days, respectively. The rats in the third group were injected with vancomycin (200 mg/kg) for 7 days, respectively. The fourth group, vancomycin (200 mg/kg)+melatonin (10 mg/kg/day) were received vancomycin for 7 days and than melatonin into rats for 7 days, respectively. The experiment was continued for 15 days. The sciatic nerve tissues were examined under light microscopes. According to our findings, S100 expression was lowest in the vancomycin-treated group. In addition, the immunoreactivity intensity of S100 was significantly increased in the vancomycin+melatonin group, compared to the vancomycin group (p < 0.01). However, the immunoreactivity intensity of UCHL in the vancomycin group was no statistically significantly than the immunoreactivity intensity of UCHL in the other groups (p > 0.05). In this study, it was found that melatonin treatment effects positively regeneration of sciatic nerve injury caused by vancomycin in the sciatic nerve of rats.

Purpose: The aim of the study explores probable toxic effects of vancomycin on kidney and analysis of the probable protective effects of melatonin. Materials and Methods: In this study, rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: the control group; the melatonin (10 mg/kg/day) group; the vancomycin-treated (200 mg/kg) group; and the vancomycin (200 mg/kg) + melatonin (10 mg/kg/day) group. Rats in the treatment group were given two doses of vancomycin a day with an interval of seven consecutive days and melatonin (10 mg/kg/day) once daily for seven consecutive days. The experiment was continued for 15 days. In each group, seven rats were grouped together. 15 days after the experiment, the rats were sacrificed under anesthesia and among all groups. Kidney tissues were collected and processed for further TNF- expression analysis, as well as histological analyses such as hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Masson's tricrom, and Periodic acid schiff (PAS) staining to assess pathological severity. In addition, a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay was performed to evaluate apoptosis. Results: While vancomycin upregulated TNF-α expression, melatonin reduced levels of TNF-α immunoreactivity intensity and clearly improved pathological severity in rat kidneys. Further, melatonin significantly inhibited vancomycin-induced TUNEL-positive cell numbers. Conclusion: Melatonin has protective activity against vancomycin-induced pro-inflammatory and proapoptotic effects in kidneys during organ preservation time and improves kidney function.