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Take Home Message: Capsaicin modified inflammatory response and caused toxicity in bronchial epithelial cultures from patients with COPD. More importantly, capsaicin decreased ciliary beat frequency and induced epithelial permeability and these effects were partially prevented by formoterol and roflumilast.Tear gas is widely used to halt mass demonstrations. Studies have reported its adverse effects on multiple organ systems; however, its effect on individuals with chronic respiratory diseases and the underlying mechanisms of these effects are unclear. For the first time in the literature, we investigated the effects of capsaicin, the active ingredient of tear gas, on bronchial epithelial cell (BEC) cultures obtained from well-characterized groups of nonsmokers, smokers, and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). BEC cultures were incubated with 50-500 μM capsaicin in the absence and presence of formoterol (1μM) and roflumilast (0.1 μM) for 24 h. Ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) were assessed at T1/4, T1/2, T1, T2, T4, T6, and T24 h, whereas the release of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin (IL)-8, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was measured at T24 h. Capsaicin (250 µM) significantly decreased CBF of all BEC cultures from T1/4 h to T24 h (p<0.05). Formoterol significantly prevented decreases in CBF induced by capsaicin. Higher concentrations of capsaicin (250-500 μM) significantly reduced TEER of BECs from nonsmokers (T2-T24 h), smokers (T24 h) and COPD patients (T2 and T24 h), which was partially prevented by roflumilast. Capsaicin (500 μM) decreased release of IL-8 (p<0.0001) and GM-CSF (p<0.05) while inducing release of LDH in BECs (p<0.05), and this was more prominent in BEC from patients with COPD. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that capsaicin can suppress ciliary activity and cytokine release from BECs, induce BEC culture permeability and cellular toxicity and that these effects can be partially prevented by formoterol and roflumilast.

Three new homoleptic six-coordinate Sm(III) complexes have been synthesized from diketone ligand with different substituent groups. The structural properties of these compounds have been investigated using elemental analysis, UV-Vis, and FT-IR approaches. Then, their photoluminescence properties of the synthesized Sm complexes have been examined.Also, the cytotoxic activities of the complexes have been studied against to human epidermoid carcinoma cell (HTB-54) and normal bronchus epithelial cell (BEAS-2B). According to result, the [Sm(MPBP-1,3PPon)3]·H2O) (IC50: 11.05 μM) complex was more active than [Sm(BMP-1,3PPon)3]·2H2O (IC50:58.64 μM) and [Sm(BCP-1,3PPon)3]·H2O (IC50: >500 μM) complexes. Otherwise it was no effect on normal cell (BEAS-2B). This result shows that complex [Sm(MPBP-1,3PPon)3]·H2O) has the potential to be the ideal chemotherapeutic drug.