both NP and AF cells showed little change in GAG production with O2 levels ranging from 1% to 21%. Disc cell metabolism is not impaired at low O2 concentrations, which appear beneficial to matrix composition. Furthermore, low oxygen may promote a gelatinous NP matrix, whereas increased oxygen levels may promote a fibrous matrix.

The presence of vertebral shell seems to be important for intravertebral pressure. However, the intravertebral shell pressure adds very little to the injection pressure.

The study suggests that a valgus orientation decreases the risk of periprosthetic femoral neck fracture following hip resurfacing. It also brings into question the use of an absolute angle for all patients. Obtaining the maximum possible valgus angle, while avoiding notching, may in fact provide the optimum protection from periprosthetic femoral neck fractures.

Three liters of 2% chlorhexidine power irrigation can effectively disinfect a contaminated ACL graft without weakening the graft.