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Three primary species from the Begomovirus genus, Pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus (PepYLCIV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Kanchanaburi virus (TYLCKaV), and Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV), are suspected of spreading throughout pepper production centers, and plants are infected by a single species or a combination of two or three species. This study was conducted to provide complete information about the symptoms, incidence and severity, whitefly biotypes, as well as the dominance status of the three Begomovirus species in pepper-producing areas in Java. A DNA analysis was carried out on leaf samples to identify Begomovirus species and biotypes of B. tabaci collected from 18 areas (16 districts) in lowlands (<400 m asl) and highlands (>700 m asl). The DNA analysis showed that B. tabaci biotype B was the most commonly detected in all locations compared to the A, AN, and Q biotypes. The incidence of begomovirus infection was at a high level, 93% and 88.78% in the lowlands and highlands, respectively. However, the severity of begomovirus infection was significantly higher in the lowlands (54.50%) than in the highlands (38.11%). A single infection of PepYLCIV was most dominant in all locations sampled and caused severe infection, followed by a mixed infection with TYLCKaV. Therefore, the current status of begomovirus infection, especially PepYLCIV, can provide advice to farmers using more tolerant and resistant varieties as well as a breeding strategy for resistant pepper varieties.

Introduction: Tyrosinase is considered an important target of melanin biosynthesis inhibitors. Curcuma longa L. has been used in the Javanese traditional whitening cosmetics. This work aimed to explore the effect of C. longa extracts on mushroom tyrosinase activity and the cytotoxicity of the extract towards murine skin cancer B16F10 cells. Methods: C. longa rhizomes were cold-extracted using ethanol 70% and yielded 15.3% w/w of extract (ECL). The presence of curcuminoids in ECL was determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). ECL was assessed for its inhibitory effects on mushroom tyrosinase activity using L-DOPA as substrate and kojic acid as the positive control drug. The cytotoxicity of ECL and curcumin was studied in B16F10 cells. Results: Triplet peaks of RP-HPLC chromatogram revealed that curcuminoids were available in ECL. The level of bisdemethoxycurcumin was 6.3306% (tR = 12.646 minutes), demethoxycurcumin was 3.1414% (tR = 13.675 minutes), and curcumin was 8.3754% (tR = 14.802 minutes). ECL had a weak inhibitory activity towards mushroom tyrosinase with IC50 = 564.8 µg/mL, while the IC50 = of kojic acid was 55.70 µg/mL. Both ECL and kojic acid had moderate toxicity to B16F10 cells (IC50 survival growth rates were 98.06 µg/mL and 65.54 µg/ mL, respectively). Curcumin was highly toxic to B16F10 cells (IC50 = 14.42 µg/mL). Conclusion: Taken together, ECL might be able to prevent melanogenesis via the inhibition of tyrosinase activity, and interestingly, it could inhibit the growth of murine skin cancer B16F10 cells. However, further studies are needed to verify its antimelanogenesis and anticancer properties.

ABSTRAKTanaman sirsak (Annona muricata) adalah tanaman obat yang sering digunakan untuk pengobatan berbagai macam penyakit, termasuk diabetes mellitus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak etanol dan ekstrak kloroform dari daun sirsak terhadap nilai kolesterol total dan trigliserida. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada 9 kelompok tikus wistar jantan yang terdiri dari 5 ekor tikus per kelompok, terdiri dari kontrol normal, kontrol aloksan, kontrol glibenklamid dosis 10 mg/ Kg BB, kelompok ekstrak etanol daun sirsak dosis 50 mg/Kg BB; 100 mg/Kg BB; 200 mg/Kg BB, dan kelompok ekstrak kloroform daun sirsak dosis 50 mg/Kg BB; 100 mg/Kg BB; 250 mg/Kg BB. Pengujian dilakukan selama 2 minggu. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun sirsak dosis 200 mg/Kg BB memiliki aktivitas dalam menurunkan kadar glukosa darah lebih baik dibandingkan kelompok lain. Hasil Pemberian ekstrak etanol dan ekstrak kloroform semua dosis kecuali pada kelompok perlakuan ekstrak etanol dosis 200 mg/Kg BB dan 100 mg/Kg BB setelah selama 14 hari terlihat kadar trigliserida yang masih tinggi dan penurunan nilai total cholesterol (TC) terlihat pada semua kelompok. Ekstrak etanol dosis 200 mg/Kg BB memiliki potensi yang baik untuk menurunkan kadar trigliserida dan kolesterol total. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah ekstrak etanol daun sirsak mempunyai aktivitas anti diabetes mellitus dan menurunkan kolesterol. ABSTRACTAnnona muricata plant is a medicinal plant using by research and drug for human healthy including diabetes mellitus. This research aimed to determine the effect of ethanol extract and chloroform extract of the sirsak leaf as antidiabetes mellitus. This research was conducted in 9 groups of male Wistar rats consisting of 5 rats per group, consisting of normal control, alloxan control, glibenclamide control dose of 10 mg/Kg BW, group of ethanol extract sirsak leaf dose of 50 mg/Kg BW; 100 mg/Kg BW; 200 mg/Kg BW, and group of chloroform extract sirsak leaf dose of 50 mg/kg BW; 100 mg/Kg BW; 250 mg/Kg BW. Tests carried out for 2 weeks. It also conducted assays of total flavonoids and histopathological tests of pancreatic β cells. Results of this research showed that the ethanol extract of sirsak leaves dose of 200 mg/Kg BW has activity in decreasing blood glucose levels better than any other group. Results of the ethanol extract and chloroform extract all doses except the