This geometric model, applied in children and adapted to the supine position, was effective in profiling changes in the thoracoabdominal silhouette during the IVMs, and the selected subdivisions were useful for the identification of areas contributing the most and the least to CW composition.

Introduction: Rhythmic Gymnastics (RG) is a type of gymnastics that requires a high degree of flexibility due to the complexity of the required movements. Objective: This study aimed to compare the sit and reach test (SRT) and the Biophotogrammetry technique as indicators of trunk flexibility in beginning GR practitioners. Methods: The sample included 60 girls (5-11 years old) from a universe of 110, all enrolled in a Center for Sports Initiation in Parana State. Data collection was performed in November, 2009. In order to compare the SRT and biophotogrammetry, angles of the pelvis (PW), spinal flexion (SW) and total trunk flexion (TW) were drawn. Results: The average score achieved by the participants on the SRT scale was 27.75 cm. A strong correlation was found between TW angle and the SRT values. Since it is a combination of the SW and PW, the TW provides a global view of the distance from the trunk to the legs when bending occurs during the test. Therefore, the correlations between the angles are good and meaningful. Conclusion: Since the SRT has some intervening factors that may mask the result, biophotogrammetry is discussed as a test that allows the observation of reliable data for measuring flexibility and muscle compensation which are not usually identified, through photographs and angular calculations.

research, have been successfully used in the analysis of body segment movements in functional or diagnostic activities in other medical specialties, (2,5) principally in orthopedics and neurology. In pulmonology, such systems provide biomechanical, (6) morphometric (7) and kinematic evidence, (8)(9)(10)(11) involved in respiratory diseases or not, and can be applied in different scenarios while maintaining quality and reproducibility. (11) The type of photogrammetry used in study (5,12,13) represents a promising trend, whose operational differentiation from traditional photogrammetry is in the methodological improvement for the analysis of respiratory movement.This communication presents the performance of photogrammetry in the identification of quantitative alterIn pulmonology, although impairment of the respiratory mechanics is not restricted to individuals with respiratory diseases, (1) it can produce results of relevant proportions in such individuals. To study the kinetic aspects of respiratory pathology, one must have knowledge of respiratory mechanics and kinematics in order to identify and quantify imbalances of the respiratory muscles, as well as seeking out new technologies, (2) as observed in other medical specialties. Equipment for objective monitoring (1,3) is scarce, and those developed in laboratories are occasionally incompatible with the Brazilian public health care system scenario.In this panorama, movement analysis systems using imaging, whose adaptation (4) as a noninvasive monitoring technique has gained ground in state-of-the-art Assessing the impact that external factors have on respiratory mechanics assessed using a specific photogrammetric model* Impacto de fatores externos sobre a mecânica respiratória avaliada por um modelo fotogramétrico específico: biofotogrametria Denise da Vinha Ricieri 1 , Nelson Augusto Rosário Filho 2 AbstractThis is a report on a methodological adaptation of the photogrammetric technique, which is used in other medical specialties, for use in analyzing respiratory movements. Photogrammetry and a model of photogrammetry designated biofotogrametria para análise da mecânica respiratória (BAMER, photogrammetric analysis of respiratory mechanics) were tested under previously described pathophysiological conditions: post-exercise dynamic hyperinflation using positive end-expiratory pressure. The BAMER model identified an increase in the thoraco-abdominal area following exercise using positive end-expiratory pressure. These results are comparable to those obtained with more robust systems of respiratory kinematics. The use of photogrammetry has value in many areas, since it produces quantitative data, being particularly relevant in pediatrics, in which monitoring resources are scarce.Keywords: Biomechanics; Photogrammetry; Respiratory mechanics; Thoracic wall. ResumoEste é um relato sobre a adaptação metodológica da técnica fotogramétrica, utilizada em outras especialidades, para análise do movimento respiratório. A biofotogrametria e o modelo denominado biofotogramet...

This study aimed to test a protocol of measurements based on Biophotogrammetry to Analysis of Respiratory Mechanics (BARM) in healthy children. Seventeen normal spirometric children (six male and 11 female) were tested. Their performed maneuvers of forced inspiratory vital capacity were recorded in the supine position. The images were acquired by a digital camera, laterally placed to the trunk. Surface markers allowed that the files, exported to CorelDraw® software, were processed by irregular trapezoids paths. Compartments were defined in the thoracic (TX), abdominal (AB) and the chest wall (CW). They were defined at the end of an inspiration and expiration, both maximum, controlled by a digital spirometer. The result showed that the measured areas at the inspiratory and expiratory periods were statistically different (p<0.05). It reflects the mobility of CW and compartments. In conclusion, the proposed method can identify the breathing pattern of the measured subject using images in two dimensions (2D).

ResumoObjetivos: Desenvolver um método fotogramétrico capaz de identificar aumento do diâmetro torácico anteroposterior sugestivo de hiperinsuflação pulmonar e testá-lo em crianças asmáticas e não asmáticas. Métodos:Foram conduzidos dois perfis de estudos, sendo um deles a análise descritiva dos diâmetros medidos no nível axilar e xifóideo em imagens fotográficas digitais de 56 crianças, com idade entre 8 e 12 anos, na posição ortostática, e o outro, um estudo caso-controle entre: (a) 19 crianças asmáticas em tratamento há mais de 12 meses; (b) 37 crianças não asmáticas, sem histórico pregresso ou queixas de doenças respiratórias/alérgicas. Os diâmetros foram medidos nas imagens da vista anterior e lateral esquerda pelo uso do programa CorelDraw ® , e a esses diâmetros aplicou-se a razão matemática de vista anterior por lateral esquerda para cada nível, gerando o índice denominado razão diametral. A razão diametral próxima ou superior à unidade expressou uma configuração geométrica tendendo ao formato cilíndrico, típico de hiperinsuflação nas imagens radiológicas. Resultados:A análise pelo teste t para amostras independentes mostrou uma média significativamente maior para razão diametral do osso esterno no grupo de crianças asmáticas (p < 0,01) que no grupo como um todo e no grupo de crianças não asmáticas. Conclusões:Apesar das controvérsias sobre instrumentos, formas e momentos de identificação da presença de hiperinsuflação, os resultados são favoráveis ao sistema de razão diametral pela biofotogrametria como ferramenta promissora na identificação de uma expressão cinesiopatológica conhecida como determinante da retenção aérea na asma. Pesquisas que agreguem informações clínicas e acompanhamento longitudinal intrapacientes serão necessárias antes de estabelecer a força das evidências encontradas neste estudo. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2008;84(5):410-415:Hiperinsuflação, fotogrametria, asma. AbstractObjectives: To develop a photogrammetric method capable of identifying increases in anteroposterior chest diameters suggestive of pulmonary hyperinflation, and to test it with both asthmatic and asthma-free children.Methods: Two distinct study designs were used to achieve these two objectives. The first was a descriptive analysis of diameters measured at the height of the axilla and of the xiphoid on digital images of 56 children aged 8 to 12 years photographed in the orthostatic position. The second was a case-control study of (a) 19 asthmatic children in treatment for at least 12 months; and (b) 37 children free from asthma with no prior history of complaints of respiratory/allergic disease. Diameters were measured on images of the front and left side views using CorelDRAW ® , and the ratio between the front and side diameters was calculated for the axillary and xiphoid measurements, providing the diameter ratios. Diameter ratios close to or greater than 1 represent geometry tending towards a cylindrical shape, typical of hyperinflation on radiographs.Results: Analysis with the t test for independent samples revealed a ...