The primary origin of some ovarian mucinous tumors may be challenging to determine, because some metastases of extraovarian origin may exhibit gross, microscopic, and immunohistochemical features that are shared by some primary ovarian mucinous tumors. Metastases of primary colorectal, appendiceal, gastric, pancreatic, and endocervical adenocarcinomas may simulate primary ovarian mucinous cystadenoma, mucinous borderline tumor, or mucinous adenocarcinoma. Recently, immunohistochemical expression of SATB2, a transcriptional regulator involved in osteoblastic and neuronal differentiation, has been shown to be a highly sensitive marker of normal colorectal epithelium and of colorectal adenocarcinoma. SATB2 expression has not been reported in normal epithelium of the female reproductive tract. Therefore, we hypothesized that SATB2 may be of value in distinguishing ovarian metastases of colorectal adenocarcinoma from primary ovarian mucinous tumors and from primary ovarian endometrioid tumors. Among primary ovarian tumors, SATB2 staining was observed in 0/22 mucinous cystadenomas that lacked a component of mature teratoma, 4/12 mucinous cystadenomas with mature teratoma, 1/60 mucinous borderline tumors, 0/17 mucinous adenocarcinomas, 0/3 endometrioid borderline tumors, and 0/72 endometrioid adenocarcinomas. Among ovarian metastases, SATB2 staining was observed in 24/32 (75%) colorectal adenocarcinomas; 8/10 (80%) low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasms; and 4/4 (100%) high-grade appendiceal adenocarcinomas. No SATB2 staining was observed in any ovarian metastasis of pancreatic, gastric, gallbladder, or endocervical origin. Evaluation of primary extraovarian tumors showed the highest incidences of SATB2 staining among primary colorectal adenocarcinomas (71%), primary appendiceal low-grade mucinous neoplasms (100%), and primary appendiceal high-grade adenocarcinomas (100%). Similar to their metastatic counterparts, none of the primary pancreatic or gastric adenocarcinomas showed any SATB2 staining. In a subset of tumors for which CK7, CK20, and CDX2 were available, SATB2 was never positive in any tumor of any origin that was CK7+CK20-CDX2-. Among tumors that coexpressed all 3 markers (CK7+CK20+CDX2+), 6/7 SATB2 tumors were of colorectal or appendiceal origin, and 1/7 was a primary ovarian borderline tumor. We conclude that ovarian tumors with mucinous or endometrioid features that express SATB2 are unlikely to be of primary ovarian origin unless there is a component of mature teratoma in the ovary; instead, attention should be directed to a colorectal or appendiceal origin. SATB2 may be of particular value in ovarian mucinous tumors that are positive for all 3 markers (CK7+CK20+CDX2+), as SATB2 staining strongly implicates a colorectal or appendiceal origin.

The Bethesda system categorizes thyroid FNAs with increasing risk of malignancy as advocated. However, our findings suggest that the risk of malignancy for AUS/FLUS might be higher than estimated. Particularly, AUS/FLUS cases with focal features suggestive of PTC seem to be associated with a much higher risk of malignancy than other patterns.

Social support given to women with breast cancer is a key reference point in effective stress management, and increased age also has an important effect on women's ability to cope with stress.

NGF seems to be a promising biomarker in IC/BPS. It may help clinicians in diagnoses and patient follow-up. Thus, unnecessary, expensive and invasive tests, interventions and treatments might be avoided.

The evaluation of the surgical margins is a major concern in surgical pathology, and marking of surgical margins with substances such as alcian blue, Tipp-ex, artist's pigments, colored gelatin, starch, erythrocyte layers, etc. was recommended for this purpose; Indian ink and tissue marking dyes are widely used. As there is no systematic study comparing tissue marking dyes and Indian ink as the most common substances used for the purpose, this study was conducted to compare the two. Penetration into the tissue, brightness under the microscope, the spreading area of one drop of dye on tissue paper, the intensity of colors, and unit price were compared for each of the five colors of Rotring's Indian ink and Thermo-Shandon's tissue marking dyes, applied on reduction mammoplasty specimens. Rotring's Indian ink is proved to be just as effective as Thermo-Shandon's tissue marking dye and bares the majority of the characteristics of a perfect staining substance, which are easily applied, quickly fixed, durable and cheap, contain no potential contaminants, be work safe, would not smudge/stain surrounding tissues, and look bright under the microscope without obscuring the view.