No abstract

Seal area represents the most problematic part in food packaging for controlling the moisture and gas ingress and preserving product quality. Understanding the mechanism of heat sealing, which is a widely used method in flexible packaging, is critical for maintaining product quality throughout the storage and preventing food waste.Likewise, understanding the factors causing the leak formation in the seal interface helps to avoid failures and increase integrity for all seal types produced by heat sealing methods. This review looks at heat sealing and its mechanisms in flexible food packaging materials and particularly focuses on the reasons behind the encountered seal integrity problems that have a detrimental effect on food quality and shelf life.Heat sealing mechanisms, form fill seal systems and seal types were analyzed. Then, factors affecting the leak formation have been grouped as process parameters, material properties, contaminants, and further processes, which is uncharted territory in open literature. Finally, the details of these groups and their interrelationships were examined and discussed. Revealed key factors as shown in this study are expected to guide future research for understanding leak formation mechanisms in flexible food packaging.

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Recently dermoscopic patterns, that can be useful in the diagnosis of distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis, were identified. In this study, we aimed to determine the frequency of the defined patterns so far and additionally to identify other patterns that were observed and to investigate the place of these patterns in the diagnosis of Distal Lateral Subungual Onychomycosis (DLSO) in the dermoscopic examination of the patients with pre-diagnosis of DLSO. Patients admitted dermatology outpatient clinic of Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital with the complaint of nail disturbance suspicious for DLSO (97 patients) between the August 2015 and February 2016. Clinical and dermoscopic photographs of the cases with a pre-diagnosis of DLSO were taken and their nails were cut for pathological examination and culture. In hematoxylin and eosin, and periodic acid schiff examination, hyphe and/or spore were observed in 134 (65.4%) and fungal growth was detected in 99 (48.3%) of the nail samples. As a result of logistic regression model analysis, the p values of the 'ruin appearance', 'homogeneous leukonychia', 'punctate leukonychia', and 'black discoloration' patterns preserved their statistical significance (p = 0.015, p = 0.009, p = 0.026, p = 0.040, respectively). We believe that in nail disorders clinically resembling DLSO patients, the presence of dermoscopic patterns of ruin appearance, homogenous leuconychia, punctate leuconychia, and black discoloration strongly supports the clinical diagnosis of DLSO.