The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has increased over the last three decades. Although genetic factors have a big contribution to ASD, environmental factors, prenatal, and postnatal factors were also found to be related. According to past literature, exposure to cigarette smoke during pregnancy raises the risk of behavioral problems in children, including ASD. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between maternal exposure to cigarettes during pregnancy and the risk of having a child with ASD in Indonesia. This is a case-control study that was conducted in Banyumas, Indonesia. The study consisted of 47 children with ASD as the case group and 195 healthy children as the control group. The Chi-Square test was used to evaluate the relationship between exposure to cigarettes and ASD. The findings showed that exposure to cigarette smoke from active or passive smokers during pregnancy was associated with the occurrence of ASD in children (p < 0.05). Exposure to cigarette smoke during pregnancy raises the risk of ASD in children. Therefore, nurses should provide adequate education to the community about the dangers of exposure to cigarette smoke during pregnancy and the risks for ASD in their children.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that leads to different complications. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of the black solo garlic on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The Wistar rats were grouped into six groups of: normal control, negative control, treatment dose of 6.5 g/kg, 13.5 g/kg, and 26 g/kg body weight, and positive control glibenclamide. In addition to normal control, rats were induced with STZ on day 8–11. Also, steeping black solo garlic or glibenclamide was administered on the day 12–19. The experimental animals were sacrificed on day 20 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) were measured using ELISA. The results showed that the administration of steeping black solo garlic significantly decreased levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α as well as increased IFN-γ with the immunity of STZ-induced rats.

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<p>Aging process leads to decline in body functions, including in musculoskeletal system. Bone mass loss (osteoporosis) is one of the problems in musculoskeletal system which often experienced by elderly. Osteoporosis could have a great impact on elderlys life, such as increased risk of fractures and decreased quality of life. The objective was to construct models of the formation of osteoporosis care group (OCG) and empowerment of the elderly to increase calcium intake to reduce the osteoporosis incidence. This study uses Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) approach. Participants are Posyandu Lansia cadresand members of Posyandu Lansia in the Dawuhan village, Padamara District, Central Java, Indonesia. The following steps were implemented in this study 1) problem identification 2) formation of OCG, 3) OCG training, and 4) OCG mentoring process. Data was analyzed using qualitative method. Results showed that knowledge and skills of OCG members in regards to osteoporosis management were improved following training andmentoring process. Further, OCG members can apply their knowledge and skills toempower elderly for increasing calcium intake. OCG which is involving cadres and community leaders and elderly as its members are very important to cultivate awareness in health maintaining in order to prevent osteoporosis.</p>