Agroforestry has been practiced for decades and is undoubtedly an important source of income for Indonesian households living near forests. However, there are still many cases of poverty among farmers due to a lack of ability to adopt advanced technology. This literature review aims to identify the characteristics and factors causing the occurrence of agricultural subsistence and analyze its implications for the level of farmer welfare and the regional forestry industry. The literature analysis conducted reveals that small land tenure, low literacy rates, and lack of forest maintenance are the main causes of the subsistence of small agroforestry farmers. Another reason is that subsistence-oriented agroforestry practices are considered a strong form of smallholder resilience. All of these limitations have implications for low land productivity and high-sawn timber waste from community forests. To reduce the subsistence level of farmers, government intervention is needed, especially in providing managerial assistance packages, capital assistance, and the marketing of forest products. Various agroforestry technologies are available but have not been implemented consistently by farmers. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an integrated collaboration between researchers, farmers, and regionally owned enterprises (BUMD) to increase access to technology and markets. Although it is still difficult to realize, forest services, such as upstream–downstream compensation and carbon capture, have the potential to increase farmer income.

ABSTRAKGula merah sebagai sukrosa diperoleh dari nira tebu yang diuapkan. Penguapan merupakan proses pengolahan bahan pangan yang umumnya digunakan pada pembuatan gula merah tebu, dimana proses ini menguapkan sebagian besar nira untuk menghasilkan produk yang kental (konsentrat). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh penambahan natrium metabisulfit terhadap sifat fisik dan kimia gula merah tebu yang dihasilkan dari penggunaan vacuum evaporator, dan mengkaji pengaruh suhu pemasakan pada vacuum evaporator terhadap sifat fisik dan kimia gula merah tebu. Pemasakan gula dilakukan pada tekanan -700 mmHg di bawah tekanan atmosfir, dengan variasi suhu pemasakan 60, 70 dan 80 o C dan dengan penambahan natrium metabisulfit 0,1; 0,3 dan 0,5 g/l nira. Semakin besar penambahan natrium metabisulfit dalam pengolahan gula merah tebu, semakin tinggi kadar abu yang dihasilkan sedangkan intensitas warna hijau dan biru gula merah tebu semakin kecil. Semakin tinggi suhu pemasakan, semakin rendah kadar air, kadar abu, intensitas warna hijau dan biru gula merah tebu. Semakin tinggi suhu pemasakan, semakin tinggi tingkat kekerasan atau tekstur, tingkat kesukaan warna, rasa dan tekstur gula merah tebu. Berdasarkan analisis statistik, perlakuan suhu pemasakan berpengaruh terhadap kadar air, kadar abu dan gula reduksi gula merah tebu. Sedangkan perlakuan penambahan natrium metabisulfit berpengaruh terhadap kadar abu, gula reduksi dan total padatan tak terlarut pada gula merah tebu. Berdasarkan parameter sifat kimia, fisik, uji organoleptik dan persyaratan SNI gula merah tebu, penambahan natrium metabisulfit 0,3 g/l dan suhu pemasakan 80 o C dalam pengolahan nira tebu menjadi gula merah menunjukkan kualitas yang paling baik. Nilai masing-masing parameternya dari perlakuan terbaik sebagai berikut: parameter kimia dan fisik dengankadar air 8,97%, gula reduksi 7,96 %, kadar abu 2,65%, total padatan tak larut 0,60 %, nilai kekerasan 15,68 kg/cm 2 , parameter organoleptik denganwarna 5,50, rasa 5,04 dan tekstur 5,36.Kata kunci: Nira tebu, natrium metabisulfit, suhu, evaporator vakum, gula merah ABSTRACTBrown sugar as sucrose is derived from evaporated sugar cane molasses. Evaporation is the foodstuffs' process which is commonly used during the manufacture of sugar cane. This process evaporates the sugar cane molasses to produce concentrate. This research was aimed to assess the influence of sodium metabisulphite against physical and chemical properties of sugar cane using vacuum evaporator. In other hand, this reserach examined the influence of temperature on vacuum evaporator for chemical and physical properties of sugar cane. Sugar cooking was done at -700 mmHg below atmospheric pressure, with variations in heating temperature of 60, 70 and 80 o C, and with the addition of sodium metabisulphite 0.1; 0.3 and 0.5 g/l sugar cane molasses. The larger addition of sodium metabisulphite in the processing of sugar cane, the higher ash content generated while the green and blue colors of red sugar cane were getting smaller. The higher cooki...

ABSTRAKPenelitian mengenai pengaruh suhu pemasakan dan kecepatan pengadukan terhadap kualitas gula merah tebu yang diolah dengan evaporator vakum tipe vertikal telah dilaksanakan. Gula merah tebu dihasilkan dari nira hijau yang telah dimurnikan dari pengotor dengan penambahan Ca(OH) 2 . Nira murni dimasak dengan variasi suhu pemasakan 60, 70, dan 80 o C, serta kecepatan pengadukan 200 dan 250 rpm. Gula merah tebu yang dihasilkan kemudian dianalisis warna, kadar air, kadar abu, sukrosa, uji organoleptik (uji mutu hedonik terhadap warna, rasa, tekstur / kekerasan). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi suhu pemasakan semakin baik kualitas warna, rasa, dan tekstur (kekerasan) gula merah yang dihasilkan. Sementara pengaruh kecepatan pengadukan terhadap gula merah tebu, yaitu semakin tinggi kecepatan pengadukan, kadar air gula merah yang dihasilkan semakin rendah, sehingga tekstur (kekerasan) gula merah tebu yang dihasillkan semakin baik. Selain dipengaruhi oleh suhu pemasakan dan kecepatan pengadukan, kualitas gula merah dipengaruhi oleh kualitas nira dan proses penjernihan. Kualitas nira yang baik akan menghasilkan rendemen yang tinggi, kadar air yang rendah, kadar sukrosa yang tinggi, serta warna, rasa, dan tekstur yang baik. Hasil terbaik diperoleh pada gula merah tebu yang dihasilkan dengan suhu pemasakan 70 o C dan kecepatan pengadukan 250 rpm, yaitu diperoleh rendemen 8.23%, kadar sukrosa 75.37%, tekstur (kekerasan) 4.52 kg/cm 2 , dan warna gula merah yang cerah dan mempunyai intensitas yang tinggi.Kata kunci: nira tebu, evaporator vakum, gula merah, pengadukan, suhu pemasakan ABSTRACT Research of the effect of cooking temperature and stirring speed on the quality of brown

The adoption of agroforestry system aims to combine food production enhancement to compensate population growth with the improvement of agricultural marketable products to increase household income. The diversification of food crop products requires more effective land use. In Gunungkidul, high-density teak (Tectona grandis) plantation has dominated many private forests. The area under the tree crown has received low light intensity, where only shade-resistant plants can survive. Tuber crops, i.e., arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea), canna (Canna edulis) and yam (Dioscorea esculenta) are shade-tolerant crops, which were planted in tree understory for supplementary food production and income generation. The cultivation under teak stand has been overlooked due to uncertainty in tuber productivity. To address this knowledge gap, the effect of teak shade (5- and 7-year teak) on the growth and yield of the three tuber crops was examined. The results indicated that both teak trial areas (with RLI 45.13% and 38.76%) were suitable for canna production (LER > 1), while management options were recommended for enhancing arrowroot and yam production. The LER of intercropped three-tuber crops under 5 years’ teak were >1, while of those under 7 years’ teak, only canna reached >1. Canna is the preferred option to be mixed in teak agroforestry systems with low light intensity due to its consistent yields, whether planted in open area or under teak shade. Silvicultural management, pruning and thinning are recommended to increase the growing space and resource sharing for intercropped plants. Land optimization in private forest understory using shade-resistant tubers will offer medium-term benefits, provided that proper silvicultural procedures are applied.

ABSTRAKSumber karbon dalam gula untuk dikonversi menjadi bioetanol banyak mengalami perkembangan, mulai dari sumber bioetanol generasi satu, generasi dua dan generasi tiga. Gedebog pisang merupakan salah satu limbah berlignoselulosa generasi dua yang potensial di Indonesia dan memiliki kandungan selulosa tinggi yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku produksi bioetanol. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh gelombang microwave terhadap kandungan selulosa tepung (gedebog) pisang kepok dan mengetahui pengaruh lama pretreatment serta perbandingan massa bahan dengan volume pelarut NaOH terhadap kandungan selulosa tepung (gedebog) pisang kepok pada proses pretreatment yang dimanfaatkan untuk produksi bioetanol. Gedebog pisang ukuran 60 mesh sebanyak 20 g dilarutkan pada larutan NaOH 0,5 M dengan variasi volume pelarut 150 mL, 200 mL, dan 250 mL, selanjutnya diberi perlakuan (pretreatment) gelombang microwave dengan variasi waktu 20, 30 dan 40 menit. Pada hasil uji lanjut Annova menyatakan bahwa variabel waktu memberikan pengaruh nyata terhadap kandungan selulosa sedangkan interaksi antara variabel dan volume tidak memberikan pengaruh nyata terhadap kandungan selulosa. Selulosa merupakan senyawa yang akan dikonversi lebih lanjut menjadi glukosa. Sehingga pada penelitian ini memilih penurunan selulosa terendah yaitu menjadi 350,20 mg/g akibat pretreatment microwave-NaOH dengan rendemen 93,10% pada perlakuan massa bahan dengan volume pelarut 20 g:250 mL dengan waktu 30 menit.Kata kunci: Selulosa; microwave; gedebog pisang; pretreatment ABSTRACTCarbon sources in the form of sugar to be converted into bioethanol are rapidly developed, they are so called as the first generation, the second generation, and the third generation. The petiole of banana is the second generation of lignocellulose which is a waste and potential in Indonesia to be used as the raw material of bioethanol production. This study aimed to determine the effect of the microwave to the content of petiole`s flour of "gepok" varieties and to know the effect of pretreatment time as well as the ratio of petiole mass to the resulted flour with the solvent of NaOH for bioethanol production. The 20 g of petiole with the size of 60 mesh was dissolved into NaOH 0.5 M with the variation of solvent volume 150 mL, 200 mL and 250 mL then was pretreated with microwave as long as 20, 30, and 40 minutes. Annova resulted that time variable affected the cellulose content however the volume didn`t. Cellulose is a compound which is going to be converted into glucose. Hence, in this study, the lowest decrease of cellulose 350,20 mg/g was chosen from the microwave pretreatment with a yield of 93,10% at 20 g: 250 mL for 30 minutes.Keywords: Cellulose; microwave; petiole; pretreatment PENDAHULUANBahan Bakar Minyak (BBM) dari fosil merupakan sumberdaya alam yang tidak dapat diperbaharui, artinya pengadaan sumberdaya alam ini membutuhkan waktu yang sangat lama. Namun keadaan yang seperti ini tidak seimbang dengan konsumsi BBM yang terus meningkat.Sebenarnya keberad...