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The cyclization of N-β-hydroxyethyl-1,3-propanediamine to homopiperazine proceeded effectively over a Cu-Cr-Ba-Al 2 O 3 catalyst in a fixed-bed reactor. The addition of Ba to the Cu-based catalyst improved the dispersion of copper and prevented it from sintering.

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Key indicatorsSingle-crystal X-ray study T = 293 K Mean (C-C) = 0.006 Å R factor = 0.043 wR factor = 0.090 Data-to-parameter ratio = 17.4For details of how these key indicators were automatically derived from the article, see