RESUMO:O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento de cinco isolados de Trichoderma harzianum em diferentes temperaturas e, em seguida, o efeito de seus metabólitos voláteis e não voláteis na inibição do crescimento de Cladosporium herbarum na melhor temperatura de crescimento constatada para os antagonistas. Para tanto, o crescimento micelial dos antagonistas foi avaliado ao longo de sete dias, nas temperaturas de 10, 25, 30 e 40°C, sob fotoperíodo de 12 h. Em seguida, os antagonistas tiveram seus metabólitos avaliados quanto à inibição do crescimento de C. herbarum em ensaios com metabólitos voláteis e não voláteis termoestáveis a 25ºC. Não houve diferença entre a taxa de crescimento dos isolados, quando estes foram submetidos a uma mesma temperatura. Além disso, verificou-se que o melhor crescimento de T. harzianum ocorreu a 25°C. Quanto à produção de metabólitos voláteis tóxicos ao patógeno, o isolado CEN288 inibiu em 59% o crescimento de C. herbarum, enquanto que para metabólitos não voláteis termoestáveis, todos os isolados foram similares entre si, inibindo entre 29 e 40% o crescimento do patógeno a 25ºC. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:Phaseolus vulgaris, controle biológico, fisiologia de fungos. ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth of five isolates of Trichoderma harzianum under different temperatures and, just after, the effect of its volatile and non-volatile metabolites on the inhibition of the growth of
The association of both cell-surface PRRs (Pattern Recognition Receptors) and intracellular receptor NLRs (Nucleotide-Binding Leucine-Rich Repeat) in engineered plants have the potential to activate strong defenses against a broad range of pathogens. Here, we describe the identification, characterization, and in planta functional analysis of a novel truncated NLR (TNx) gene from the wild species Arachis stenosperma (AsTIR19), with a protein structure lacking the C-terminal LRR (Leucine Rich Repeat) domain involved in pathogen perception. Overexpression of AsTIR19 in tobacco plants led to a significant reduction in infection caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, with a further reduction in pyramid lines containing an expansin-like B gene (AdEXLB8) potentially involved in defense priming. Transcription analysis of tobacco transgenic lines revealed induction of hormone defense pathways (SA; JA-ET) and PRs (Pathogenesis-Related proteins) production. The strong upregulation of the respiratory burst oxidase homolog D (RbohD) gene in the pyramid lines suggests its central role in mediating immune responses in plants co-expressing the two transgenes, with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production enhanced by AdEXLB8 cues leading to stronger defense response. Here, we demonstrate that the association of potential priming elicitors and truncated NLRs can produce a synergistic effect on fungal resistance, constituting a promising strategy for improved, non-specific resistance to plant pathogens.
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