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BACKGROUND: To study the age, birth order, consanguinity marriage, reproductive history, demographic pattern of parents and chromosomal pattern of the Down's syndrome (DS) patients of Odisha population coming to the different medical colleges of Odisha. METHODOLOGY: Detailed history of the parents was taken by questioners and the DS patients were examined by inkpad technique and chromosomal analysis methods. RESULT: DS more often affects the first and second order births of parents each comprising of 38%. Consanguinity marriage results 46% of DS cases. Ninety percent of DS children were born to mothers of age less than 30 years and 52% of DS were born to father less 30 years of age. There is a high frequency of spontaneous abortion (22%) and still birth (6%) in mothers of DS. Highest incidence (94%) of DS was seen in urban area with working in industry as the occupation of the parents (42%). In karyotypic analysis of DS patients primary trisomy, Mosaic Trisomy, Primary amenorrhea and translocation were 78%, 12%, 6% and 4% respectively. CONCLUSION: There is an increase incidence of DS at lower age group of parents. It is tempting to speculate that, the difference in clinical features, abnormal dermatoglyphic patterns etc, are related to the genetic constitution of the Down's syndrome individuals.

BACKGROUND The peculiar waddling gait of a female attracts most of the anatomists to measure and compare the neck-shaft angle (NSA) of the femora. The femoral neck shaft angle is greater in women due to greater pelvic breadth and shorter femur. Neck-shaft angle was measured by the angle that the neck makes with the shaft of the femur and it is measured on the ventral surface of femur taking the long axis of femoral neck with the long axis of the proximal end of the femur. It gives information about the race it belongs to and normally measures 120° to 140°. The intention of this study was to establish the femoral neck shaft angle variations in adult male and female for medico-legal and anthropometric studies. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted on 84 adult human femora of unknown sex in the anatomy department, Sriram Chandra Bhanja (SCB) Medical College, Cuttack, Odisha, from May 2018 to April 2019. We included all the femora which were free of damage or deformity and fully ossified indicating adult bone. Femora with any pathological changes i.e., cortical bone deterioration, extreme osteophyte activity, osteoarthritis and fracture etc. were excluded from the study. The NSA was measured by protractor and goniometer. RESULTS In the present study the NSA range for the right femur of male was 108° - 135° and for the right femur of females 117° - 135°. The left male femur was 118° - 135° and the left female femur was 120° - 135°. The mean neck shaft angle of male femora was 125.9° and the female femora was 125.7°. These measurements show that the values were more in males than the females. The value of the present study was statistically significant between male and female i.e., P < 0.0001. CONCLUSIONS These measurements are important in the medico-legal cases, reconstructive orthopaedic surgeries, hip replacement surgeries and also while constructing suitable prosthesis. This will also be helpful in the detection of sex by anatomists and forensic experts. KEY WORDS Neck Shaft Angle, Medico-Legal, Anthropometry and Goniometer

Introduction: Mixed phenotype acute leukemia (MPAL) is a rare subset of acute leukemia where the blasts exhibit lineage specific antigens of more than one lineage. Flow cytometric immunephenotyping is essential for the diagnosis of MPAL and the accurate diagnosis highly depends on the panel of markers used. The aim of the study is to study the incidence, clinical presentation, haematological parameters, immunophenotypic, molecular features of MPAL and their correlation to the treatment and prognostic significance. Materials and Methods: Cases of Acute Leukemia consisting of both the paediatric and adult age group admitted to the

Methodology: 0.8ml of peripheral blood was collected from all the patients and cultured in RPMI 1640 medium for 72h in CO2 incubator. Then cells were harvested with colchicines and after the hypotonic treatment the slides were prepared and stained with giemsa. After that it was observed with high power microscope and reported. RESULT: From the 50 patients, 39 patients were Primary trisomy 21 (47, XX or XY+21), 6 was Mosaic Trisomy 21 (46/47, XX or XY+21), 3 was Down's syndrome Primary amenorrohoea (47, XX, +21) and there was 2 translocation 46, XY, t (14:21) 46, XY, t (21:21). The paternal age at 26-30 years were found more whereas the maternal age at 21-25 years was found more and males were more affected as compare to the females. CONCLUSION: It is tempting to speculate that, the difference in clinical features, growth retardation, abnormal dermatoglyphic patterns etc, are related to the genetic constitution of the Down's syndrome individuals.