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Conventional asphalt pavement has a deep surface color and large thermal inertia, which leads to the continuous absorption of solar thermal radiation and the sharp rise of surface temperature. This can easily lead to the permanent deformation of pavement, as well as aggravate the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Cool pavement with a reflective coating plays an important role in reducing pavement temperature and alleviating the UHI effect. It is of great significance to study the influence of temperature on the mechanical response of different types of pavement under vehicle loading. Therefore, this study examined the heat exchange theory between pavement and the external environment and utilized the representative climate data of a 24 h period in the summer. Two kinds of three-dimensional finite element models were established for the analysis of temperature distribution and the mechanical responses of conventional pavement and cool pavement. The results show that in this environmental condition, conventional pavement temperatures can exceed 50 °C under high temperatures in summer, which allows for the permanent deformation of pavement and further affects the service life of asphalt pavement. The temperature difference in a conventional pavement surface between 6 h (24.7 °C) and 22 h (30.2 °C) is much less than that between 22 h (30.2 °C) and 13 h (50.1 °C) in the summer. However, the difference in the vertical displacements of the pavement surface between 6 h and 22 h is much larger than that between 22 h and 13 h. One reason is that the difference in temperature distribution between the morning and night leads to changes in pavement structure stiffness, resulting in significant differences in vertical displacement. Cool pavement has a significant cooling effect, which can reduce the surface temperature of a road by more than 15 °C and reduce the vertical displacement of the pavement by approximately 11.3%, which improves the rutting resistance of the pavement. However, the use of cool pavement will not change the horizontal strain at the bottom of the asphalt base and will not improve the fatigue resistance of asphalt pavement. This research will lay the foundation for further clarifying the difference in the mechanical properties between the two types of pavements in the management and maintenance stage.

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