Highlights d Bitter saponins occur in pollen, but not in nectar, in two Dipsacus species d Saponins in pollen or in artificial nectar deter bumblebee collections d Saponin-containing pollen was less collected, more delivered to other plants d Pollen toxicity may function as a chemical defense against pollen consumers

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In Deep Learning, recent works show that neural networks have a high potential in the field of biometric security. The advantage of using this type of architecture, in addition to being robust, is that the network learns the characteristic vectors by creating intelligent filters in an automatic way, grace to the layers of convolution. In this paper, we propose an algorithm “FMnet” for iris recognition by using Fully Convolutional Network (FCN) and Multi-scale Convolutional Neural Network (MCNN). By taking into considerations the property of Convolutional Neural Networks to learn and work at different resolutions, our proposed iris recognition method overcomes the existing issues in the classical methods which only use handcrafted features extraction, by performing features extraction and classification together. Our proposed algorithm shows better classification results as compared to the other state-of-the-art iris recognition approaches.

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