Agroforestry has been practiced for decades and is undoubtedly an important source of income for Indonesian households living near forests. However, there are still many cases of poverty among farmers due to a lack of ability to adopt advanced technology. This literature review aims to identify the characteristics and factors causing the occurrence of agricultural subsistence and analyze its implications for the level of farmer welfare and the regional forestry industry. The literature analysis conducted reveals that small land tenure, low literacy rates, and lack of forest maintenance are the main causes of the subsistence of small agroforestry farmers. Another reason is that subsistence-oriented agroforestry practices are considered a strong form of smallholder resilience. All of these limitations have implications for low land productivity and high-sawn timber waste from community forests. To reduce the subsistence level of farmers, government intervention is needed, especially in providing managerial assistance packages, capital assistance, and the marketing of forest products. Various agroforestry technologies are available but have not been implemented consistently by farmers. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an integrated collaboration between researchers, farmers, and regionally owned enterprises (BUMD) to increase access to technology and markets. Although it is still difficult to realize, forest services, such as upstream–downstream compensation and carbon capture, have the potential to increase farmer income.

Community forests is not merely producing timbers, but also non timber forest products (NTFPs)

No abstract

Forest area in Gunung Sawal was divided into several classifications, i.e. Suaka Margasatwa Gunung Sawal (SMGS) managed by BKSDA Jawa Barat II, production forest managed by Perum Perhutani and privately owned forest managed by community. There was one ecosystem, influence to areas aside. anotherhand privately owned forests were continuously converted into other functions. To keep them settled need incentives. The purpose of the research was to find out the trigger factors in the changing of land utilization in privately owned forest and the forms of incentives fit to corresponding community socio-economics. The research was conducted in Sandingtaman village, Panjalu sub-district, Ciamis district from September to October 2008. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and in-depth interview techniques were implemented to collect data from key persons and farmers. Data collected, moreover, were descriptively analyzed. The result showed that socioeconomic conditions influenced the farmer's decision in managing their privately owned forest. Incentives form elected were 9 and according to the key persons preferences, have selected 3 possessed of high score i.e. relevance and continuously extension on these following aspects i.e., technical, management, economic, social and culture (0.167), district government regulations which support land used establishment protecting environment and villagers welfare (0.140), fair regulations i.e. pro farmers regulation especially in arranging trade permissions related to wood species (0.126).

Achmad B, Diniyati D. 2018. The income structure of smallholder forest farmers in rural Sumbawa, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 936-946. This research investigated the economic well-being of forest farmers in Labuhan Badas Village, Sumbawa regency of Indonesia. It aimed: (i) to describe the daily economic activities of community-based forest (HKm) farmers who reside inside the state forest and of farmers in privately owned forest (POF) who reside outside the state forest areas; and (ii) to analyse their income structure in relation to the corresponding economic activities. The research was conducted from August 2015 to April 2016. The survey sample consisted of 34 HKm and 34 POF farmers who were selected purposively. Data collected through interview and focus group discussion techniques were analyzed descriptively. The research determined that the incomes of HKm farmers were generated from14 sources, mainly from activities in the non-agricultural sector, while those for POF farmers were generated from 12 sources mainly from activities in the agricultural sector. The total income of HKm farmers was significantly lower than the income of POF farmers and indicated a moderate level of economic disadvantage. The economic welfare of farmers in both research locations has been assessed to be below an adequate level. Therefore various economic innovations such as the cultivation of honey bees and the processing of unused potential resources (e.g. making wine from cashew fruit) are needed to accelerate the attainment of a decent level of economic well-being