Fungsi sistem imun adalah untuk melindungi tubuh dari benda-benda asing, dimana sistem imun dapat ditingkatkan dengan pemberian imunomodulator. Pendekatan kemotaksonomi Genus Etlingera memungkinkan Etlingera rubroloba A.D. Poulsen memiliki kandungan metabolit sekunder sebagai agen imunomodulator. Penelitian dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui aktivitas imunomodulator ekstrak etanol buah Etlingera rubroloba A.D. Poulsen terhadap fagositosis sel makrofag pada tikus jantan galur wistar. Hewan uji tikus sebanyak dua puluh empat ekor dibagi dalam enam kelompok perlakuan yaitu kontrol negatif (Na-CMC 0,5%), kontrol positif (ekstrak meniran komersial), kontrol normal (tanpa perlakuan), perlakuan dosis 1 (200 mg/kgBB), perlakuan dosis 2 (300 mg/kgBB) dan perlakuan dosis 3 (400 mg/kgBB). Perlakuan diberikan selama tujuh hari berturut-turut secara per oral dan diberikan injeksi bakteri Staphylococcus aureus 0,5 mL secara intraperitonial pada hari kedelapan masing-masing kelompok. Apusan cairan peritoneum digunakan untuk menentukan aktivitas sel makrofag. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan aktivitas fagositosis sel makrofag pada kelompok kontrol negatif, kontrol positif, perlakuan 1, perlakuan 2, perlakuan 3 berturut-turut 36,75 %, 74,25%, 71.75%, 80,50%, 70,75%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pemberian ekstrak etanol buah Etlingera rubroloba A.D. Poulsen memiliki aktivitas imunomodulator terhadap fagositosis sel makrofag.
Inflammation is the host's protective response to any stimulus that harms the body. Excessive inflammatory process causes tissue damage. Therefore, an anti-inflammatory agent is needed. The use of natural ingredients, especially sea sponges, is an option to reduce the side effects of anti-inflammatory agents. This utilization is related to the discovery of new agents. So, we tested the effect of the ethanol extract of Petrosia sp. as an anti-inflammatory agent. Animal induced with 1% carrageenan and left for 1 hour. After that the animals were divided into 6 groups (n = 4) and given oral treatment, namely: Group I (normal group); Group II (negative group); Group III (ethanol extract of Petrosia sp. Concentration of 0.05mg/ml); Group IV (ethanol extract of Petrosia sp. Concentration 0.1mg/ml); Group V (ethanol extract of Petrosia sp. Concentration 0.2mg/ml); and Group VI (positive group, Diclofenac Sodium). After 1 hour, the animals were measured for edema volume and plasma TNF-α levels. Based on the research conducted, the ethanol extract of Petrosia sp. decreased edema volume and plasma TNF-α levels in inflammatory mice. The concentration of 0.2mg/mL had a significant effect on the negative control used (p <0.05). On the other hand, Petrosia sp. indicates the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and steroids. They may play an important role in the anti-inflammatory process. Thus, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of Petrosia sp. has anti-inflammatory activity.
Immunomodulator is a substance that increases or suppresses the immune response through the certain mechanism. The marine sponge Xestospongia sp. has immunomodulatory activity by increasing phagocytic activity. In addition, the phagocytic activity is affected by CD4+ and CD14 cells levels. Thus, this study aims to investigate the effect of Xestopongia sp. extract toward CD4+ and CD14 cells level in model rat. Animals were divided into 4 groups (n=5) and treated for 7 days, as follow: Group I (Ethanolic extract of Xestospongia sp. dose of 300 mg/KgBW); Group II (Ethanolic extract of Xestospongia sp. dose of 400 mg/KgBW); Group III (Phylantus niruri extract); and Group IV (0.5% Na CMC). On day 8, animals were infected with Staphylococcus aureus intraperitoneally. And the blood was collected by cardiac puncture and assayed with ELISA kit CD4 (elabscience®) and ELISA kit CD14 (elabscience®). Ethanolic extract of Xestospongia sp. provided high levels of both CD4+ and CD14 cells (Group II) compared to baseline (Group IV) (p<0.05). Group I provided similar activity to group III (p>0.05) and Group II provided significant activity with higher levels of CD4+ and CD14 cells compared to group III (p<0.05). In conclusion, both doses of Xestospongia sp. extract provide activity as immunomodulator by increasing CD4+ and CD14 cells levels, yet dose of 400 mg/KgBw provides the higher immunomodulatory activity.
Etlingera elatior (Wualae) termasuk dalam tumbuhan famili zingiberaceae yang memiliki aktivitas antiinflamasi. Namun, bioavailabilitas dan permeabilitas zat aktif yang rendah sehingga diperlukan suatu sistem penghantaran dalam komplek lipid-bahan alam. Sistem yang dikenal dengan fitofosfolipid ini merupakan penghantaran fitokonstituen dalam matriks fosfolipid yang dapat meningkatkan permeabilitas dan bioavailabilitas zat aktif melalui karakteristik ampifilik dan aksi emulsifikasi oleh fosfolipid. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan formulasi dan karakterisasi sistem vesikel sehingga diperoleh sistem yang optimum antara ekstrak etanol buah wualae dan fosfatidilkolin yang memiliki karakteristik vesikel terbaik. Preparasi dilakukan menggunakan teknik hidrasi lapis tipis dengan adanya variasi komposisi ekstrak dan fosfatidilkolin, yakni 0,5:0,5 (Formula 1); 0,5:1 (Formula 2); 1:0,5 (Formula 3); 1:1 (Formula 4); 1:2 (Formula 5); dan 2:1 (Formula 6). Hasil yang diperoleh adalah komposisi formula optimum antara ekstrak dan fosfatidilkolin yaitu pada F4 dengan komposisi 1:1 dengan karakterisasi meliputi pengamatan morfologi berbentuk bulat (sferis) menggunakan mikroskop optic, efisiensi penjerapan vesikel diperoleh 99,20%, ukuran partikel 898,2 nm dan indeks polidispersitas 0,573 dengan kategori vesikel jenis LUV (Large Unilamellar Vesicle) menggunakan Particel Size Analyzer.
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