The Late Cre ta ceous to Oligocene strata of the Dukla Nappe, which is a part of the accretionary wedge formed in front of the Carpathian orogen, re cord a his tory of the ba sin de vel op ment from rem nant to fore land ba sin stages. The lower part of the suc ces sion in di cates the first stage of ba sin evo lu tion char ac ter ized by turbidite sys tems fed from the E (NE) to W (SW). The sys tem en com passes de pos its of the £upków and Cisna for ma tions de pos ited in a chan nel-lobe tran si tion (£upków Fm.) and in sand stone-rich channelized lobes (Cisna Fm.) The tran si tional phase is rep re sented by de pos its of the Submenilite For ma tion de rived from two dif fer ent sources (SE and N) and de posited in a sub ma rine slope/ramp en vi ron ment. The third stage of ba sin evo lu tion is marked by the ad vanc ing front of the Carpathian orogen re sult ing in pe riph eral fore land ba sin de vel op ment. In creased tec tonic ac tiv ity led to a switch in sed i ment source from the SE to the NW, more com plex to pog ra phy of the ba sin and a change in sed i ment dis tri bu tion. The ini tial phase of this stage is char ac ter ized by low-density turbidites and sus pen sion fallout sed i ments of the Menilite Fm. Dis crete tec tonic pulses are re corded by the thick Cergowa sandstones, mostly de pos ited by hy brid flows and high-den sity tur bid ity cur rents. A de crease in tec tonic ac tiv ity is sug gested by heterolithic de pos its of the Krosno Fm. cap ping the sed i men tary suc ces sion.

Thick deep-wa ter sand stone suc ces sions are known from many lo cal i ties in the Outer West ern Carpathians. The pres ent study is fo cused on com par i son of de pos its of the Piwniczna (PwSM) and Poprad (PpSM) Sand stone mem bers be long ing to the Magura For ma tion of the Magura Unit, out crop ping in the east ern Slovakia and Po land bor der area. At the gen eral level, a close sim i lar ity of the sand stone suc ces sions was con firmed by this study. How ever, in more de tail, fa cies anal y sis shows dif fer ences in the thick ness of the sand stone suc ces sions, in grain size and in the char ac ter of in ter vals be tween the thick sand stones. Thin-sec tion study, though, showed al most the same modal com po si tion in the sand stones ana lysed. The sand stone suc ces sions stud ied are in ter preted as sandy debrites, the PwSM show ing tran si tional fa cies to turbidites. These de pos its rep re sent channelized depositional lobes in the prox i mal part of a sub ma rine fan with the PpSM closer to the source. The sed i ment source area was com mon to both lithostratigraphic units, and was most likely the South-Magura Ridge.

. (2014) Sole struc tures as a tool for depositional en vi ron ment in ter pre ta tion; a case study from the Oligocene Cergowa Sand stone, Dukla Unit (Outer Carpathians, Slovakia). Geo log i cal Quar terly, 58 (1): 41-50, doi: 10.7306/gq.1128 Sole struc tures, typ i cally de vel oped on basal bed ding sur faces of turbidite sand stones, are com monly used as palaeocurrent in di ca tors and in di ca tors of the cur rent abil ity to erode. De tailed anal y sis of types and fre quency of sole struc tures in the 128-m-thick suc ces sion of Lower Oligocene Cergowa Sand stone (Outer West ern Carpathians) also shows their po ten tial as an in di ca tor of flow prop er ties dur ing the de po si tion. The mas sive and amal gam ated sand stones, pre dom i nantly con tain ing load struc tures and mi nor grooves with uni di rec tional ori en ta tion, are sug gested to be de pos ited by high-den sity tur bid ity currents and de bris flows. A wide range of sole struc tures in thick and me dium thick-bed ded sand stones, sug gest ing oblique and re verse flows com pared to the main palaeoflow di rec tion, im plies de po si tion from den sity-strat i fied flows where the lower, denser part has a ten dency to de flect when hits a ba sin floor ob sta cle. The up per, less dense part has an abil ity to come over the ob sta cle and shows only small scat ter in the palaeocurrent di rec tion.