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Tannery industries are globally situated. The genotoxic effect was analyzed in erythrocytes of a freshwater fish, Labeo rohita exposed to tannery industry effluent using micronucleus test. Micronucleus test is simple, rapid and reliable method used in laboratory for monitoring genotoxic damage. The 96 h LC 50 value was calculated by using Finney method and it came out to be 7.07 %. Fishes were exposed to three sub-lethal concentrations (3.53, 1.76 and 0.88 % of 96 h LC 50 value) for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Presence of one micronucleus was predominant than two and three to five micronuclei in erythrocytes of fishes exposed to effluent. Concentration 3.53 % proved to be highly toxic and 0.88 % can act as a safe disposal concentration. The results showed concentration and time dependent response. Thus, results revealed that discharge of tannery effluent caused clastogenic effects in fish erythrocytes. This may lead to stock depletion of fishes and aquatic organisms living in rivers. Similar clastogenic effects may also occur in human population living around rivers using contaminated water and consuming contaminated fishes.

This research article examines the significance of maritime security, as one of the most recent axioms of international relations and diplomacy. It focuses on the socioeconomic factors that contribute to maritime insecurity along Lake Victoria's Homa Bay shores. In order to determine the research outcome, a qualitative research approach and an exploratory research design were used in unveiling the problem under consideration. Individuals and organizations/institutions from the Homa Bay’s Lake Region site were the target population. The research article has employed the purposive sampling technique and the saturation principle to obtain a sample size of 36 participants: 12 for in-depth interviews and 4 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) of 6 members each. The study also used qualitative interviews, focus groups, and observation to collect data. According to the findings, the main Illegal, Unregulated, and Unreported (IUU) fishing issues in Lake Victoria, Homa Bay County are unauthorized fishing, criminal gangs and pirates, encroachment by foreign fishers, employment of minors/children as fishers, use of prohibited gears and fishing methods, and fishing young, endangered, and protected fish species. Furthermore, IUU fishing is endangering fish stocks in Lake Victoria's Homa Bay County. In its results findings, the research article recommends that more patrol officers guard the waters in order to prevent illegal fishers and criminal gangs from roaming freely.

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