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HighlightsBotox injections considered as an alternative treatment for sever gummy smile.Extensive surgical procedures can be avoided in treatment of gummy smile by using Botox injections.The gingivectomy and Botox injections exhibited satisfactory results for the functional and esthetic rehabilitation of the gummy smileThe combination of crown lengthening procedures and Botox injections give satisfactory results for gummy smile patients.

BACKGROUND: Obesity has been suggested as a risk factor for periodontal disease. Despite the high prevalence of obesity and over-weight among Saudi population, no study has assessed whether there is an association between periodontal health status and body mass index (BMI).OBJECTIVES: Assess the association between BMI and other variables with periodontal health status among young Saudi adults.DESIGN: Analytical, hospital-based cross-sectional study.SETTING: University dental hospital, Riyadh.PATIENTS AND METHODS: All dental students aged 21-35 years who met inclusion criteria were invited to participate in the study. Periodontal health status was assessed by the plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI) and community periodontal index (CPI) scores. Biometric measurements included weight, height and BMI. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the association of independent variables with periodontal disease (CPI>2 vs CPI ≤2) and multiple linear regression models to assess associations with PI and GI.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Periodontal health by BMI and other variables.SAMPLE SIZE: 308.RESULTS: Of 700 participants invited, 380 participated for a response rate of 54.2%. Slightly more than half of the obese subjects 54 (52%) did not brush their teeth regularly. The mean (standard deviation) PI and GI scores were significantly higher among the obese (PI score: 1.54 [0.45]); GI score: 1.52 [0.51]) and overweight (PI score: 1.36 [0.47]) and (GI score: 1.42 [0.57]) subjects when compared with subjects with normal weight (PI score: 1.27 [0.51]); (GI score: 1.31 [0.48]); (P<.05). No significant differences were seen between BMI groups in CPI scores. There were also no significant differences in the mean number and percentage of sextants between different BMI groups. The only signficant factor for periodontal disease in the multivariable analysis was toothbrushing.CONCLUSION: The present study shows a significant positive correlation between BMI and PI and GI scores. However, no statistically significant association was found between BMI and periodontal health status.LIMITATION: Cross-sectional, so not possible to assess the association of oral health and BMI over time.CONFLICT OF INTEREST: None.

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a relatively common chronic immunologic mucocutaneous disorder. Although there are many presenting treatments, some of them proved its failure. Recently, the use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been expanding due to its numerous advantages, as it is safe, convenient, and non-invasive and has toxic effect towards selective tissues. This article provides comprehensive review on OLP, its etiology, clinical features and recent non-pharmacological treatments. We also describe the topical PDT and its mechanisms. Our purpose was to evaluate the efficacy of PDT in treatment of OLP through collecting the data of the related clinical studies. We searched in PubMed website for the clinical studies that were reported from 2000 to 2014 using specific keywords: “photodynamic therapy” and “treatment of oral lichen planus”. Inclusion criteria were English publications only were concerned. In the selected studies of photodynamic treatment, adult patients (more than 20 years) were conducted and the OLP lesions were clinically and histologically confirmed. Exclusion criteria were classical and pharmacological treatments of OLP were excluded and also the using of PDT on skin lesions of lichen planus. We established five clinical studies in this review where all of them reported improvement and effectiveness of PDT in treatment of OLP lesions. The main outcome of comparing the related clinical studies is that the photodynamic is considered as a safe, effective and promising treatment modality for OLP.