Leading technology intensive firms have incentives to protect knowledge outflows to collocated firms in order to enhance the returns to R&D (Alcácer and Zhao, 2012). In this paper we argue that leading firms' knowledge protection strategies are likely to discourage other firms from setting up new R&D establishments in their vicinity. Knowledge protection is facilitated by an R&D organization emphasizing internal knowledge flows drawing on complementary contributions by dispersed R&D units. We examine whether the presence and R&D organization of local technology leaders discourages inward R&D investments in an analysis of the (NUTS-1) regional location of 196 cross-border R&D investment projects in EU-15 countries during [2003][2004][2005][2006][2007][2008]. While the strength of the local relevant technology clusters attracts inward R&D investments, investors are generally discouraged by the concentration of technology activities due to the presence of regional technology leaders in the industry. This discouraging effect occurs specifically in case the leaders exhibit an internally oriented R&D organization drawing on cross-border intra-firm knowledge flows in their technology development activities. Our study challenges the common notion in the literature on clusters and innovation that agglomeration is generally associated with greater knowledge spillovers.

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BELDERBOS R. and SOMERS D. Do technology leaders deter inward R&D investments? Evidence from regional R&D location decisions in Europe, Regional Studies. This paper examines the influence of local technology leaders on the attractiveness of regions for inward research and development (R&D) investments in an analysis of location choices for 196 cross-border R&D investments in EU-15 countries, 2003-08. While the strength of the regional technology cluster attracts inward R&D investments, investors are discouraged by a concentration of technology activities due to the presence of regional technology leaders. This effect occurs primarily if leaders organize their R&D in the region to reduce knowledge outflows to collocated firms -by drawing on intra-firm cross-border knowledge flows and complementary contributions of multiple R&D units. Multinational firms research and development (R&D) Location choice BELDERBOS R. and SOMERS D. 技术领先者是否吓阻了向内的研发投资？欧洲区域研发的区位选择之证据，区域研 究。本文在分析欧盟十五个成员国于2003年至2008年间的一百九十六件跨领域研发(R&D)投资的区位选择中，检视 地方技术领先者，对于区域吸引向内研发投资的影响。区域技术集群虽然吸引了内向的研发投资，投资者却因区域技 术领先者的存在所产生的技术活动集中而受到吓阻。此一影响，主要发生于领先者透过运用企业内的跨境知识流动及 多重研发单位的互补性贡献，组织区域中用以降低知识外流的研发活动来配置企业之时。 跨国企业 研究与发展(R&D) 区位选择 BELDERBOS R. et SOMERS D. Les leaders en matière de technologie, est-ce qu'ils dissuadent les investissements en R et D? Des résultats des décisions d'emplacement régionales quant à la R et D en Europe, Regional Studies. À partir d'une analyse des choix d'emplacement auprès de 196 investissements en recherche et développement transfrontaliers (R et D), cet article examine l'influence des leaders locaux en matière de technologie quant à l'attractivité des régions pour l'investissement étranger en R et D dans les pays EU-15 (à savoir, les 15 pays membres de l'Union européenne à compter du 31 décembre 2003), entre 2003 et 2008. Alors que la puissance du cluster technologique régional attire les investissements étrangers en R et D, les investisseurs sont dissuadés par une concentration des activités technologiques à cause de la présence des leaders régionaux en matière de technologie. Cet effet se produit principalement si les leaders organisent leur R et D dans la région de façon à réduire les sorties de connaissances à destination des entreprises colocalisées -en bénéficiant des flux de connaissances transfrontaliers intra-entreprises et des contributions complémentaires des unités de R et D multiples. Sociétés multinationales Recherche et Développement (R et D) Choix d'emplacement BELDERBOS R. und SOMERS D. Wirken Technologieführer abschreckend auf ausländische FuE-Investitionen? Evidenz von den Entscheidungen über regionale FuE-Standorte in Europa, Regional Studies. In diesem Beitrag untersuchen wir mithilfe einer Analyse der Standortwahl für 196 grenzübergreifende Investitionen für Forschung und Entwicklung (FuE) in den EU-15-Ländern im Zeitraum von 2003 bis 2008 den Einfluss von lokalen Technologieführern auf die Attraktivität von Regionen für FuE-Investitionen aus dem Ausland. Während die Stärke des regionalen Technologie-Clusters ausl...

Large, internationally connected cities are important hubs of innovative activity, yet research on the attractiveness of such 'global' cities for research and development (R&D) activities by multinational corporations (MNCs) is scarce. We posit that factors determining cities' potential to attract R&D investments by MNCs differ depending on the type of R&D investments: research or development. We investigate the heterogeneous determinants of location choices for 1537 cross-border R&D investments by 633 MNCs in 55 global cities during the period 2003-12. The findings suggest that cities' technological and university strengths are stronger attracting factors for research activities, while global cities' market potential and intellectual property rights protection attract investments in development activities. Implications are discussed.

Extant research on internationalization of research and development (R&D) has notexamined what the impact of foreign R&D investments is for the investing corporate parent firms, in particular on domestic R&D investments. The aim of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of international knowledge sourcing through foreign R&D in an empirical analysis of the effects of foreign R&D investments on domestic R&D intensity for a panel of Indian firms. The paper specifically investigates the importance and impact of the role and the location of foreign R&D centres on parent-company R&D by analysing differences between foreign-technology-seeking and foreigntechnology-exploiting R&D, and between centres in advanced countries and in developing countries. The analysis finds contrasting results between advanced and developing countries and between technology-exploring and technology-exploiting investments.