Pool boiling data of multicomponent mixtures show that the heat transfer coefficients can be considerably lower than those of a corresponding pure fluid with the same physical properties as the mixture. The proposed model, which assumes maximum mass transfer resistance in the liquid boundary layer, is confirmed by the comparison between calculated and experimental data. The model allows the prediction of heat transfer coefficients in pool boiling of mixtures using only single component properties and vapour‐liquid equilibrium data. Judging by experience with a number of different systems, the method should be sufficiently accurate for most practical applications.
Hauptziel chemischer Umsetzungen, wie sie in chemischen Produktionsanlagen oder in konventionellen Kraftwerken ablaufen, ist die Erzeugung von Stoffen oder von Energie. Bei den meisten dieser stoffumwandelnden Prozesse fallen zwangslaufig gasformige, flussige oder feste Reststoffe an. Ziel eines produktionsintegrierten Umweltschutzes ist es, die nicht vermeidbaren Reststoffe einer sinnvollen, die Umwelt entlastenden Verwendung zuzufuhren und dadurch den Verbrauch von Rohstoffen zu reduzieren. An verschiedenen Beispielen aus der BASF-Gruppe wird gezeigt, wie durch gezielte, haufig die Grenzen der jeweiligen Produktionsanlage uberschreitende MaBnahmen eine stoffliche oder zumindest energetische Verwertung von Reststoffen erreicht werden kann. Die sich seit Jahren stetig vermindernden Emissionen der chemischen Industrie bei gleichzeitig deutlich gestiegenen Produktionsmengen belegen die Erfolge langjahriger und ausdauernder Bemuhungen um einen produktionsintegrierten Umweltschutz.Production-integrated environmental protection -Utilization of residues. Chemical plants as well as coal-fired powerstations utilize chemical reactions in order to produce materials or energy. Most of these reactions additionally produce gaseous, liquid, or solid residues. It is the main objective of production-integrated environmental protection to use these residues as suitable feedstocks in order to reduce environmental pollution and lower the consumption of raw materials. Several examples from the BASF Group will show how, by crossing the borders of the respective plant, reasonable solutions for material, or at least energetic, utilization of residues can be achieved. As a result of permanent efforts in production-integrated environmental protection over many years and despite increasing outputs the emissions of the chemical industry have been continuously reduced.
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