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Carbon electrodes have been successfully synthesized and characterized for desalination system based on Capacitive Deionization (CDI) technology. The carbon electrodes were synthesized with an activated carbon (700 – 1400 m2/g), carbon black, glutaric acid and polyvinyl alcohol as a binder using cross-linking method at 120 °C. The study was to investigate salt removal percentage value of 0.1 M NaCl, MgCl and KCl using CDI cell. A solution with 0.1 M was supplied to the cell using a Boyu Submersible pump (model SP-601) at a flow rate of 10 mL/min. When potentials of 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 V were applied to the CDI cell, the result showed that a solution of 0.1 M KCl has greater salt-removal percentage than the solutions with 0.1 M NaCl and MgCl. The salt-removal percentage of KCl was achieved at 55% for 3.0 V whilst resulted in 20 and 30% for NaCl and MgCl, respectively.

Lignin as a by-product of the pulping process is less widely used for worth materials. In this study, the utilization of lignin by-product of the soda delignification process of coconut coir converted to the activated carbon by a simple precipitation method followed by the carbonization at various temperatures is presented. The by-product liquor of the soda delignification process having a pH of 13.4 was neutralized by dropping of hydrochloric acid solution to achieve the pH solution of 4 resulting in the lignin precipitation. The precipitated was washed, filtered, and dried. The dried lignin was then carbonized under a nitrogen atmosphere at various temperatures of 500, 700, and 900 °C. The dried lignin and carbonized samples were characterized using SEM, XRD, FTIR, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption analyzer, to examine their morphology, X-Ray diffraction pattern, chemical bonding interaction, and surface area-pore size distribution, respectively. The characterization results showed that the functional groups of lignin mostly disappeared gradually with the increase of temperature approached the graphite spectrum. The XRD patterns confirmed that the carbonized lignin particles were amorphous and assigned as graphitic. All samples had a pore size of 3–4 nm classified as mesoporous particles. This study has shown that the carbonization lignin at a temperature of 700 °C had the highest surface area (i.e. 642.5 m2/g) in which corresponds to the highest specific capacitance (i.e. 28.84 F/g).

Eddies are omnipresent in the eastern boundary current regions of the world)s oceans (Bire & Wolfe, 2018;Chelton et al., 2011;Faghmous et al., 2015). They are the main source of kinetic energy in the oceans (Chelton et al., 2011), trap the eastern boundary currents near the coast (Bire & Wolfe, 2018), and contribute to mixing and transporting ocean properties over long distances (Azis Ismail & Ribbe, 2019;Faghmous et al., 2015;Henson & Thomas, 2008). The Indo-Australian Basin (IAB) located between 105°E-125°E and 6°S-20°S is the largest marginal sea along the southeastern tropical boundary of the Indian Ocean (Figure 1a). It encompasses a total area of about 2.5 million km 2 , has an average depth of about 2,500 m, and is bounded in the north by the Java and Lesser Sunda Islands and in the south by the northwest Australian shelf. The IAB comprises the sole major route for the low-latitude interbasin transport from the Pacific into the Indian Ocean which is referred to as the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF). The warm and low-salinity water transferred by the ITF into the IAB plays a key role in the Indian and Pacific Oceans) heat budget (Sprintall et al., 2014).The ITF enters the eastern edge of the IAB through an array of gaps within the Lesser Sunda Islands, namely the Lombok Strait, Ombai Strait, Sawu Sea, and Timor Passage. The outflow of the ITF along these straits induces large meanders (Feng & Wijffels, 2002) and high amplitude anticyclonic eddies (AEs) referred to as "teddies." These are eddies carrying ITF waters (Nof et al., 2002). The teddies can move westward and carry chlorophyll-rich water into the tuna-spawning zone of the IAB (Yu et al., 2015). Along the western boundary of the IAB, the mass and property exchange with the Indian Ocean takes place by means of several