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Highlights Severity of surface transformation after aging was high in low temperature wheat straw biochar compared to biochar produced at higher temperatures  Aged wheat straw biochars performed better than the fresh biochars at 500 °C and 600 °C production temperatures while fresh wheat straw biochar performed better than the aged form only at 400 °C  Alkalinity and surface functionality in wheat straw biochar played an important role in immobilization of

Highlights Sawmill byproduct was used to produce biochar  Addition of biochar increased the pH, EC and nutrient content in the medium  The inclusion of biochar in 25% to 50% volume ratio improved plant growth parameters compared to peat-only media  Higher biochar proportions in the medium diminish the physico-chemical properties and plant growth parameters

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How to trace back an unknown production temperature of biochar from chemical characterization methods in a feedstock independent way Dilani Rathnayake (Investigation) (Writing -original draft), Przemyslaw Maziarka (Formal analysis), Stef Ghysels (Methodology) (Formal analysis), Ondřej Mašek (Resources) (Writing -review and editing) (Supervision), Saran Sohi (Writingreview and editing), Frederik Ronsse (Conceptualization) (Writingreview and editing) (Supervision) (Funding acquisition)