Social capital is one of the variables that influences overcoming problems related to welfare and development. Studies show that social capital level is generally in a linear relationship with the development level of countries. The purpose of study is to examine the relationship between the welfare levels of OECD countries and their social capital levels within the framework of the Legatum Prosperity Index. For this, the effect of social capital, which is one of the 12 components of the Legatum Prosperity index, on the welfare level of OECD countries was examined. the country rankings in which social capital is equally weighted with other index variables and the country rankings where social capital is excluded from the index are compared. The results obtained show that social capital is improving for the rankings of the welfare levels of Norway,

This paper aims to analyze European Union-Canada relations that have significantly enhanced in the last decade. Economic and security relations between the European Union and Canada have considerably improved in the last decade particularly after the conclusion of the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement and the Strategic Partnership Agreement, which are also milestones that would govern the parties' long-term relations. Despite a territorial dispute between Canada and Denmark regarding Hans Island, and Canada's on-going opposition to the European Union's Arctic Council membership, these frictions are not significant enough to jeopardize the current progress in relations, as analyzed in this paper. As long as both sides continue their powerful commitment to liberal democracy, free market economy and multilateralism, their cooperation is likely to intensify in the 21 st century in the face of international economic and security problems.

This paper examines the European environmental policy and the tools that the European Union (EU) uses for the aim of protecting the environment. Environmental policy is of crucial importance indeed as it has direct impact on human’s health, on the quality of environment, on the well-being of all living creatures and species and on the preservation of our natural resources around the world. The EU is quite active in environmental protection policy making and the scope of her environmental policy expanded with time, including nowadays many aspects such as air, water and soil pollution, waste management, protection of the environment, industrial pollution, chemicals, climate change and noise pollution. The methodology of the study consists of the review and analysis of primary and secondary sources regarding EU legislation on European environmental policy. The requirements of environmental policy are exposed and evaluated at the European level and other international engagements at the global level such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC), Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement are also evaluated in our paper. European statistics and reports are evaluated to provide a good understanding and assessment of the relation between governments and corporations’ expenditures and the protection of environment in EU member states and in Turkey. Our paper also includes the implementation of the European environmental policy in Turkey, therefore Turkish of􀏐icial policy alignment and compliance is explained with data related to EU funded projects implemented by Turkish institutions. Regarding the relation between expenditures and environment, our 􀏐indings indicate a reverse causality effect; the quality of the environment determines the level of public expenditures indeed, and not vice-versa. As analyzed in our paper, governments and corporations’ investments related to environmental protection are quite low and they are in decline, this share needs to be increased both at the EU level and in Turkey. Key Words: European Union Environmental Policy, Climate Change, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement, Government Expenditures on Environmental Policy.

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The coronavirus infection (COVID-19) occurred towards the end of 2019 and started spreading around the world in a short time with an immense impact on public health. However, it also affected global economy. This paper explores the economic impact of Covid-19 in France which is one of the countries most affected in Europe. We will first analyse the theoretical framework based on "demand and supply side shock". We will then expose the economic impacts of Covid-19 on the French market, by evaluating the shocks on the demand and supply sides. The methodology of the study would consist of French governmental, Central Banks" and international economic and financial data, including economic reports statistics, and forecasts of prominent international economic organizations as well as other relevant reports and data from the economic and financial literature. This paper is incorporated by extensive primary and secondary resources. Additionally, this article analyses the effects of Covid-19 on European countries. Within this prospect, European Union support measures and financial assistance is also covered as an extension to our research. Our findings cover economic projections for both France and the European Union and shows that economy cannot reach its prepandemic levels before 2022.