Acute kidney injury (AKI), a recognized complication of cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality (15-30%) with approximately 1% of all the affected patients requiring dialysis. Early detection of AKI would enable intervention before occurrence of irreversible injury and might minimize the morbidity and mortality. Recently developed biomarkers of AKI facilitate its earlier discovery and help assessment of its severity and prognosis. In this article, we review the causes of well-known yet inexplicable association between CPB and AKI, the advances in pathophysiologic basis, the diagnostics and the management options.

Plummer Vinson syndrome is a rare association of postcricoid dysphagia, upper esophageal webs, and iron deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency state has been hypothesized to play an etiological role. While literature review elucidates the resolution of dysphagia in most cases with iron therapy, we discuss our case where the dysphagia was resistant to such therapy and necessitated a mechanical dilatation.

Inflammatory pseudotumor (IPT) is a rare lesion of unclear etiology reported in various organs. Although mostly benign, these tumors may pose a therapeutic challenge in cases of recurrence. We report the case of a young male who presented with a clinical and radiological picture suggestive of a malignancy in the thorax and upon evaluation was noted to have IPT of the lung. Complete surgical resection was done with no evidence of tumor recurrence. We review the literature and discern the epidemiological, clinical, pathophysiological and management aspects of IPTs.

We present our experience of 22 cases of emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) treated from 1996 to 2012. Medical records were analyzed retrospectively for demographic profile, presence and duration of diabetes mellitus, and mode of clinical presentation. EPN was diagnosed based on demonstration of intra-renal gas by plain X-ray, ultrasound, and/or computed tomography (CT) scan. Details of medical treatment, reason for surgical intervention, and final outcome were recorded. Univariate analysis was performed to identify risk factors for mortality and P value of less than 0.05 was taken as significant. Twenty-two cases (6 males, 16 females) of EPN were diagnosed. Seven cases presented with acute pyelonephritis, seven cases with urosepsis, and the remaining eight patients with multi-organ dysfunction. CT grading of EPN was class IV in three, class III in four, class II in 14, and class I in one. All were initially managed medically with parenteral antibiotics. Ten patients needed additional surgical intervention. The overall survival rate was 86.3% (19/22). Among the risk factors analyzed higher CT grade, altered sensorium and thrombocytopenia were significantly associated with mortality. We conclude that a more conservative approach in managing EPN has become the standard of care. Patients having high CT grade of lesions (III and IV) with altered sensorium and thrombocytopenia at presentation are more likely to die due to the disease and may be better managed by an aggressive surgical plan.

Endosulfan toxicity could precipitate gargantuan jeopardy and may result in irreversible and fatal damage. The spectrum of involvement may range from mild nausea, vomiting, and anxiety to intractable seizures and multiorgan damage resulting in death. We report a case of endosulfan poisoning complicated by multi-organ dysfunction, cardiac arrest, and death.