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The last couple of years has constantly shown that ICT can and is used to destabilize and undermine societies and countries using hybrid-based tools and methodologies. Russia’s hybrid war against Ukraine is a clear example of the strength that the hybrid threats pose. Due to its position and previous war conflicts, countries from South-East Europe (SEE) are constantly targeted under the threat of hybrid threats. This chapter gives an overview of the nontechnical measures that can be applied to increase the resilience in the SEE region, and an overview of the AI (Artificial intelligence) based tools and techniques that can be used to generate and combat hybrid threats, especially the disinformation and fake news.

The growing network attacks and intrusions have put the government organizations at a great risk. In cyberspace, humans have great limitations in data analyze and cyber defense because of the amount of data they have to process and the limited response time. Considering these parameters one of the best solutions is when the cyber defense mechanisms are AI (Artificial intelligence)-based because they can easily determine and respond to the attacks that are underway. The responses can be easily managed using man in the loop or fully atomized techniques. This chapter gives brief review of the usage of artificial intelligence in support of cyber defense, explains some useful applications that already exist, emphasizing the neural nets, expert systems and intelligent agents in cyber defense. Furthermore the chapter will propose a technical AI-based cyber defense model which can support the governmental and non-governmental efforts against cyber threats and can improve the success against malicious attack in the cyberspace.