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The characterization of random load behavior has been largely attempted through statistics-based model fitting. Remarkably, the use of Gaussian mixture model (GMM) has proven to be adequate to tackle the heterogeneity and variability of the statistical distribution of loads. In this paper, an application of the Mean-Variance Mapping Optimization (MVMO) algorithm to the identification of the parameters of GMMs, is presented. The feasibility of the proposed identification approach is demonstrated using historical data records from the Venezuelan transmission system portion that covers the Paraguaná Peninsula.Index Terms--Gaussian mixture model, load profile, meanvariance mapping optimization, probability distribution function.

This paper presents a probabilistic assessment of the novel enhanced frequency response (EFR) service in the Great Britain (GB) transmission system. Real frequency measurements with one-second resolution, released by National Grid (NG) corresponding to the years 2014 and 2015, are used for the performance assessment. Initially, the frequency quality is evaluated against Security and Quality of Supply Standards (SQSS) of NG. Afterwards, battery energy storage systems (BESSs) with different power to energy ratios have been modelled and fed with the GB frequency time-series while providing two variants of EFR service. Then, a state of charge (SOC) management algorithm is implemented for comparison purposes. Finally, cumulative probability distribution functions (CDF) are created to analyse the performance of the BESS. The high utilization rates obtained for one the EFR services suggests that for the provision of EFR to be profitable for the providers, the service should refocus towards the post-fault or frequency containment region.

The complexity of the contemporary electrical power systems imposes challenges in aspect of monitoring, protection and control. In order to obtain high speed of response, wide area effect and prices synchronization, the grid control functions can be benefited by the implementation of Phasor Measurement Units (PMU). The paper is aimed to make a review of the commercial implementation of Phasor Measurement Units and then open source based implementations (open architecture hardware and software). This paper focuses on standard implementations; as a consequence the concept of virtual PMU is not discussed here.

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