Objective: Drug interaction is one factor that contributes to drug-related problems. The hospitalized patients in intensive care units (ICU) have a higher risk for developing drug interactions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potency of significant drug interactions in ICU patients.Methods: Drug-drug interactions from patient's medical records from ICU of Arifin Achmad General Hospital in Pekanbaru, Province of Riau, Indonesia at period of July to December 2015 were assessed. Drug Interaction Checker (Medscape) software was used to identify potential drug interactions.Results: This study included 28 ICU patients (mean age, 48 years) who had the potency to drug interactions based on the software. Of these, 29% were male and 71% were female patients. The number of drugs that were given to patients was 3-13 drugs (average 7 drugs per patient). There were 122 potential drug-drug interactions found in this study, including 43% potency of minor or non-significant, 52% potency of significant, 3% potency of serious, and 2% potency of contraindicated drug interactions. A total of 67% were pharmacodynamics and 33% were pharmacokinetics interactions. Dexamethasone, ketoprofen, ketorolac, furosemide, nifedipine, and enoxaparin were among drugs with the highest frequency of potential drug interactions. Conclusion:Significant drug-drug interactions were prevalent in the ICU patients. This may be due to the complexity of the pharmacotherapies administered. The health professionals who provide care to these patients should be aware to identify and prevent possible drug events.

ABSTRAKRetinoid merupakan salah satu senyawa aktif yang paling luas penggunaannya di bidang dermatologi, yaitu sebagai anti-akne, anti-aging dan depigmenting agent. Penggunaan retinoid dapat menimbulkan iritasi pada kulit yang dapat diminimalkan dengan cara pemakaian konsentrasi dan frekuensi yang dinaikkan bertahap. Selain itu, retinoid memiliki potensi teratogenik sehingga harus dihindari penggunaannya pada wanita hamil dan usia produktif.

Use of antibiotics known is an important factor in the development of resistance tontibiotics, namely the use ofantibiotics that are inappropriate, in the form of overuse or misuse. Inappropriate use of antibiotics should be reducedto prevent the selective pressure that will lead to the development of resistance to antibiotics. Given the magnitude ofthe problem of antibiotics use in hospitals and its impact on the growing and widespread resistance to antibiotics, it isnecessary to immediately improve antibiotic use. Various strategies or interventions can be done at the hospital tooptimize the provision of antibiotics.

AbstrakDiabetes melitus (DM) merupakan suatu penyakit metabolik dengan karakteristik hiperglikemia akibat kelainan sekresi dan/atau gangguan kerja insulin. Sekitar 80% dari seluruh kasus DM merupakan DM tipe 2. Salah satu komplikasi DM adalah tuberkulosis (TB) paru. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengevaluasi insidensi TB paru pada pasien DM tipe 2 di Ruang Rawat Inap Penyakit Dalam RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan adalah data sekunder dari Instalasi Rekam Medis RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang berupa data pasien DM tipe 2 dan rekam medik pasien DM tipe 2 dengan TB paru yang dirawat di Ruang Rawat Inap Penyakit Dalam RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang sejak 1 Januari 2011 – 31 Desember 2011. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 29 kasus TB paru dari 748 orang pasien DM tipe 2 (3,88%). Kasus DM tipe 2 dengan TB paru terbanyak ditemukan pada kelompok jenis kelamin laki-laki (58,62%), usia < 60 tahun (72,41%; mean: 54,66 ± 12,77 tahun), dan normoweight (51,72%). Sebagian besar pasien menunjukkan hasil pemeriksaan BTA sputum negatif (65,52%). Insidensi pada penelitian ini sedikit lebih rendah daripada hasil penelitian sebelumnya.Kata kunci: insidensi, tuberkulosis paru, diabetes melitus tipe 2 AbstractDiabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. Type 2 DM makes up about 80% of all cases of DM. One of the DM’s complications is pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). The objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence of pulmonary TB among type 2 DM patients in Internal Medicine Ward RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang. The instruments used in this research were the secondary data derived from the Medical Record Departement RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang in the form of type 2 DM patients’ data and medical records of type 2 DM patients with pulmonary TB who were treated in Internal Medicine Ward RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang since January 1st 2011 – December 31st 2011. The results of this research showed that there were 29 cases of pulmonary TB among 748 type 2 DM patients (3,88%). Most of type 2 DM with pulmonary TB cases were found in males (58,62%), < 60 years old (72,41%; mean: 54,66 ± 12,77 years old), and normoweight group (51,72%). Most of these patients showed negative results on the sputum AFB examination (65,52%). The incidence in this research is lower than the previous studies.Keywords: incidence, pulmonary tuberculosis, type 2 diabetes mellitus

ABSTRAKRetinoid merupakan salah satu senyawa aktif yang paling luas penggunaannya di bidang dermatologi, yaitu sebagai anti-akne, anti-aging dan depigmenting agent. Penggunaan retinoid dapat menimbulkan iritasi pada kulit yang dapat diminimalkan dengan cara pemakaian konsentrasi dan frekuensi yang dinaikkan bertahap. Selain itu, retinoid memiliki potensi teratogenik sehingga harus dihindari penggunaannya pada wanita hamil dan usia produktif.