La agricultura familiar es socioeconómicamente importante en el medio rural, sin embargo en México, desde los años 80’s este sistema productivo presenta estancamiento social. Este tipo de agricultura presenta una realidad dinámica en función de los interes es de cada productor y sus limitantes de acceso a los factores de la producción (tierra, trabajo y capital). En esta investigación se aplicó la metodología de análisis y diagnóstico de los sistemas de producción en el medio rural, en dos comunidades de la Sierra de Huautla del Municipio Tepalcingo, Morelos, México. La propuesta parte del diagnóstico de los aspectos ambientales, históricos, tecnológicos y una evaluación socioeconómica de las diferentes actividades productivas, para los diferentes tipos de Un idades de Producción Familiar, de las comunidades estudiadas. El estudio demostró que el 40% de las Unidades de Producción Familiar no alcanzan a superar el umbral de sobrevivencia y muestran imposibilidad de capitalización a mediano y largo plazo. Por lo que es conveniente la implementación de un modelo de desarrollo agropecuario local que permita mejorar las condiciones socioeconómicas de las Unidades de Producción Familiar de las comunidades campesinas.

In this work orange pollen grains (Helianthus annuus) were immersed in a supersaturated ionic solution (similar to human extracellular fluid) during different times at 37 °C, atmospheric pressure and pH of 7.4. By Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) we confirmed the presence of the functional groups carbonyl, amide I, amide II, carboxyl and phosphate in both samples. Nevertheless, yellow pollen owns a greater amount of phosphate groups than orange pollen. By scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differences in the morphology, shape and size of both samples were not observed. In orange pollen grains, amorphous agglomerates can be observed for periods smaller to 14 days and spherical structures formed by nanocrystals of laminar form were observed on their surface at 17 days. By energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) confirms the presence of calcium and phosphorous in the agglomerates with different Ca/P ratio and by X-ray diffraction (XRD) the hydroxyapatite (HAp) phase was verified.

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A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different organic amendments (corn stubble and amaranth stubble, goat manure, compost, and green fertilizer (Medicago sativa)), alone and in combination with a hydrogel, into the moisture retention of the soil, deposited over the soil surface and mixed with surface soil, making a total of 14 treatments. To test their effects, the amaranth plants (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.), were subjected to different periods of drought. Considered as tolerant to the drought and estimating their vegetative development for leaf production, the treatments were proven under random arrays with 10 repetitions. The agronomic variables considered were, height and survival of the plants as well as their stem diameter. The amendments do not present significant effects on the retention of moisture at 5 cm soil depth. In relation to the vegetative parameters, the hydrogel application demonstrates significant statistical differences for the survey of the plants (p>0.05). The amendments evaluated under the organic padding conditions with corn stubble, in conjunction with the green Medicago sativa fertilizer and the corn stubble mixed with soil, were the treatments which present the best results, in both stem diameter and plant height (Tukey`s test, α=0.05). All the variables show significant statistical differences according to the drought periods of between 0 and 15 days, applied to the different essays.

Sitophilus zeamais is an economically important pest because it feeds on stored corn, since its control is carried out with increasingly toxic insecticides, the objective of the effect of more ecological alternatives such as the application of CaO (quicklime 2 %), Beauveria bassiana (1.109 espores.mL-1), Ricinus communis powder aqueous (1,5 %), modified atmosphere storage (20 L silo) and airtight environment (in barrel of 20 L) on the incidence and damage of S. zeamais in stored corn, in the municipality of Tlacotepec de Benito Juarez, Puebla. The experiment was carried out under a completely randomized block design with five repetitions, where the five control methods mentioned above were tested and compared with a control treatment (plastic bag). Quicklime, storage in a modified atmosphere and storage in a hermetic environment significantly decreased (Tukey, p <0.05) the number of weevils in corn grains during 247 days of storage and the percentage of damage to the grains remained below from 1 %. Therefore, these results showed that the application of quicklime, airtight environment and storage in a modified atmosphere controlled the damage caused by S. zeamais and are highly favorable for the conservation and protection of stored corn grains.