The health of people, animals, and microbes depends on selenium, a trace micronutrient. Recently, several researchers have become interested in selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) because of their biocompatibility, bioavailability, and low toxicity. Selenium nanoparticles are therefore widely used in a variety of biomedical applications due to their greater bioactivity. The antioxidant defence capacity of semen is reduced during processing and cryopreservation; nevertheless, the antioxidant inclusion in the freezing extender has a shield in opposition to the peroxidation of lipids, maintaining metabolic function and cellular function. Selenium acts as a crucial part of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), an enzyme that defends cellular membrane lipids from free radical damage and protects interior cell structures. Semen from numerous animals, including sheep, dogs, man, goats, birds and cattle, has been found to have glutathione peroxidase activity. This review discusses the impact of selenium nanoparticles on the status of spermatozoa.

Background: Early detection of pregnancy can perk up the reproductive competence of dairy animals and decreasing the interval between two successive AI. Several methods of pregnancy diagnosis both direct and indirect are being practiced; but to date, none of these technologies qualifies as the ideal pregnancy detection method due to its limitation. The present study was designed to learn about the changes of hormonal and blood metabolites during early bovine pregnancy. Methods: A total of 30 numbers of crossbred cows at 2nd to 5th lactation was selected for the study. Clinico-gynaecological examination was carried out in all the cows and those have devoid of ill health, having a regular estrous cycle and estrus period were inseminated at mid to late estrus. Ten milliliter of blood samples were collected aseptically from all the cows (6 samples from each cow and a total of 180 samples) on day 1, 10, 20, 30, 60 and 90 of post-A.I. From the obtained serum, levels of glucose, cholesterol, BUN, total protein and hormonal profile estrone sulphate, progesterone were analysed. All the cows were observed for the absence of external signs of estrus after AI and pregnancy was confirmed by using ultrasonography and per rectal examination on day 30 to 40 of post insemination. Result: It was observed that level of glucose, BUN, cholesterol and progesterone was significantly increased during early pregnancy (P less than 0.01). While, the serum level of estrone sulphate significantly decreased while advancing the pregnancy. There was positive correlation between the level of progesterone (P less than 0.01) and negative correlation of estrone sulphate (P less than 0.05) with serum glucose, BUN, cholesterol at different days of post A.I. The blood biochemical constituents i.e. glucose, BUN, cholesterol and hormone estrone sulphate, progesterone possibly will used as an ideal marker of early pregnancy in cattle. Thus blood biochemical constituents like glucose, BUN, cholesterol and hormone estrone sulphate, progesterone possibly can be used as a tool for diagnosis of non pregnant dairy cattles with very high accuracy at around 30 days of post insemination.