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This paper presents an improved diagnosis and definition of the genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886, with new taxonomic and faunistic data for 23 species. The genera Microheros Wesołowska & Cumming, 1999 and Mashonarus Wesołowska & Cumming, 2002 are synonymized with Stenaelurillus. Six new species are described: Stenaelurillus bandama sp. nov. (♂♀, from Côte d’Ivoire), S. belihuloya sp. nov. (♂, from Sri Lanka), S. jocquei sp. nov. (♂♀, from Cameroon), S. pseudoguttatus sp. nov. (♂, from Namibia), S. senegalensis sp. nov. (♂♀, from Senegal), and Stenaelurillus siyamae sp. nov. (♀, from Sudan). Lectotypes are designated for two species: S. albopunctatus Caporiacco, 1949 (♂) from Kenya and S. werneri Simon, 1906 (♀) from South Sudan. Six new combinations are proposed: Aelurillus ambiguus (Denis, 1966), comb. nov. (ex Stenaelurillus); Evarcha werneri (Simon, 1906), comb. nov. (ex Stenaelurillus); Phlegra davidi (Caleb, Mungkung & Mathai, 2015), comb. nov. (ex Mashonarus); Stenaelurillus brandbergensis (Wesołowska, 2006), comb. nov. (ex Mashonarus); Stenaelurillus guttatus (Wesołowska & Cumming, 2002), comb. nov. (ex Mashonarus); and S. termitophagus (Wesołowska & Cumming, 1999), comb. nov. (ex Microheros). Two species names are synonymized: Evarcha elegans Wesołowska & Russell-Smith, 2000 with E. werneri comb. nov.; and Aelurillus sahariensis Berland & Millot, 1941 with Stenaelurillus nigricaudus Simon, 1886. The female of S. fuscatus Wesołowska & Russell-Smith, 2000 is described for the first time.

The paper presents new taxonomic and faunistic data on 162 species of the Mediterranean jumping spiders (Salticidae). Three new species are described: Heliophanus haymozi sp.n. (; Spain, Portugal), Heliophanus sinaicus sp.n. (; Egypt, Sinai) and Salticus ressli sp.n. (; Turkey). Two new synonyms are proposed:

Karyotypes are reported for 24 spider species, of which 1 is represented by juveniles, from Western Siberia (environs of Novosibirsk). Chromosome counts (2n) are as follows: Lycosidae–‐Pardosa agrestis, P. lugubris, P. palustris, and P. plumipes, 28 (males); Hygrolycosa rubrofasciata, 20 (males) and 22 (females); Xerolycosa miniata and X. nemoralis, 22 (males). Thomisidae–‐Misumenops tricuspidatum and Xysticus sp., 23 (males). Linyphiidae–‐Erigone atra, Bolyphantes alticeps, Helophora insignis, and Taranucnus setosus, 24 (males); Neriene clathrala, 25 (males). Tetragnathidae–‐Pachygnatha clercki, 24 (males) and 26 (females); P. listeri, 24 (males). Clubionidae–‐Clubiona stagnatilis, 24 (males). Araneidae–‐Singa hamata, 24 (males). Theridiidae–‐Steatoda grossa, 22 (males) and 24 (females). Some uncommon peculiarities were observed:(1) one specimen of P. lugubris showed the region‐specific chromatin decondensation visible at diakinesis only; (2) tetraploid pachytene and diakinetic cells were found in a male Xysticus sp.; (3) all nuclei of P. listeri contained two trivalents. An analysis of the synaptonemal complexes of three species (Pardosa sp., Tibellus sp., and Steatoda grossa) was also performed.