Five quassinoids and 2 alkaloids were isolated from the roots of Eurycoma longifolia. The structures of 3 new quassinoids, eurycomalide F, G, and H (1-3), were elucidated using a variety of spectroscopic methods. The known compounds were identified as eurycomalide A (4), laurycolactone B (5), 5-methoxycanthin-6-one (6), and canthin-6-one (7). Among the isolated compounds, canthin-6-one (7) exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on nitric oxide production (IC 50 = 16.9 μM). 5-Methoxycanthin-6-one (6) and eurycomalide F (1) exhibited weak inhibition with IC 50 values of 23.4 and 32.7 μM, respectively.

The focal point of this paper is focused on assessing the causal relationship between ODA and economic growth in the localities of Vietnam. This research uses panel data of ODA and GDP from 63 provinces of Vietnam by using Granger Causality test. The results showed that ODA has a causal effect on economic growth (GDP) and vice versa, economic growth decides to attract ODA in provinces in Vietnam. This result complements studies on the causal relationship between ODA and economic growth using new empirical evidence through case studies in the provinces of Vietnam.

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