WS-10(T)-a Gram-negative, non-motile, and aerobic bacterial strain-was isolated from the sediment of a shallow stream in Korea. The optimum ranges of temperature and pH for growth were 20-40°C (optimum 28°C) and pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum pH 7.0), respectively. The DNA G+C content of strain WS-10(T) was 72.7 mol%. The major fatty acids (>5%) were summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω7c), summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c), C16:0, and C18:1 2-OH. The major polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and unidentified aminolipids. Q-10 was the predominant respiratory quinone. The highest similarities in the 16S rRNA gene sequence were shown with Paracraurococcus ruber (95.3%), Belnapia soli (95.3%), B. moabensis (95.1%), and B. rosea (95.0%). A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons showed that strain WS-10T formed a distinct line within a clade containing the genera Paracraurococcus, Craurococcus, and Belnapia in the family Acetobacteraceae. On the basis of polyphasic evidence, strain WS-10(T) represents a novel species of a new genus in the family Acetobacteraceae, for which the name Dankookia rubra gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is WS-10(T) (= KACC 18533(T) = JCM 30602(T)).

A novel aerobic, Gram-stain-negative and non-motile bacterial strain, designated ED7 T , was isolated from grass-field soil in Cheonan, Korea. Strain ED7 T utilized methanol and methylamine, but not formate, as carbon and energy sources. The strain was able to grow at 20-42 C (optimum 30-35 C), at pH 7.0-8.5 (optimum pH 7.5-8.0), and in the absence of NaCl. According to the similarities of the 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain ED7 T was most closely related to the genera Labrenzia ( 93.3 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Pleomorphomonas ( 93.1 %) and Prosthecomicrobium ( 93.1 %). A phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain ED7 T revealed that it was affiliated with the family Methylocystaceae, being most closely related to the genus Pleomorphomonas. In contrast to Pleomorphomonas koreensis and Pleomorphomonas oryzae, strain ED7 T did not contain the nifH gene. The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain ED7 T was 71.8 mol%.The predominant fatty acids of strain ED7 T were summed feature 8 (C 18 : 1 !7c and/or C 18 : 1 !6c), summed feature 2 (C 14 : 0 3-OH, and/or C 16 : 1 iso I), 11-methyl C 18 : 1 !7c and C 16 : 0 3-OH. The major isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone 10 (Q-10). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and an unknown aminophospholipid. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic characteristic data, strain ED7 T could be differentiated from other genera, suggesting that strain ED7 T represents a novel species of a new genus in the family Methylocystaceae, for which the name Chthonobacter albigriseus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is ED7 T (=JCM 30603 T =KCTC 42450 T ).

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A novel Gram-stain-negative, motile by gliding, and aerobic bacterial strain, designated SA31T, was isolated from reclaimed saline land soil near a lake in Taean-gun, South Korea. Cells of the isolate formed ivory-coloured colonies. Growth occurred at 10-35 °C (optimum 25-30 °C), pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum pH 7.0-7.5), and 0-2.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 0 %). Based on similarities of 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain SA31T was mostly affiliated with the genus Flavobacterium, exhibiting the highest sequence similarities with Flavobacterium palustre S44T (96.0 %), Flavobacterium glycines Gm-149T (95.9 %), Flavobacterium defluvii EMB117T (95.7 %) and Flavobacterium daejeonense GH1-10T (95.6 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences also indicated that strain SA31T was clustered with Flavobacterium daejeonense GH1-10T and Flavobacterium glycines Gm-149T. The predominant fatty acids (>7 % of total) of strain SA31T were iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7с and/or C16 : 1ω6с), iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C15 : 0 3-OH. The major polar lipids of the isolate comprised phosphatidylethanolamine, one unknown aminolipid, one unknown glycolipid, one unknown aminophospholipid and three unknown lipids. The major respiratory quinone was MK-6. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain SA31T was 33.5 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses, strain SA31T represents a novel species the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium eburneum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SA31T (=KACC 18743T=JCM 31221T).